Possible Cause of Extremely Bright Aurora Witnessed in East Asia on 17 September 1770

Ebihara, Yusuke; Hayakawa, Hisashi; Iwahashi, Kiyomi; Kawamura, Akito Davis; Isobe, Hiroaki

doi:10.1002/2017sw001693

Cited by 41 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In order for these aurorae to be visible at Inami up to 10° in elevation angle (see, e.g., Shiokawa et al, ), the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval needs to be down to, at least, 37.6° ILAT, assuming an auroral elevation up to 400 km (Ebihara et al, ; Silverman, ). This means the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval was at least extending beyond the zenith of Nertschinsk (40.0° MLAT) during the period of auroral visibility in China and Japan.…”

Section: Auroral Evolutions and Magnetic Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and Spatial Evolutions of a Large Sunspot Group and Great Auroral Storms Around the Carrington Event in 1859

早川¹

2019

Space Weather

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The Carrington event is considered to be one of the most extreme space weather events in observational history within a series of magnetic storms caused by extreme interplanetary coronal mass ejections from a large and complex active region that emerged on the solar disk. In this article, we study the temporal and spatial evolutions of the source sunspot active region and visual aurorae and compare this storm with other extreme space weather events on the basis of their auroral spatial evolution. Sunspot drawings by Schwabe, Secchi, and Carrington describe the position and morphology of the source active region at that time. Visual auroral reports from the Russian Empire, Iberia, Ireland, Oceania, and Japan fill the spatial gap of auroral visibility and revise the time series of auroral visibility in middle to low magnetic latitudes. The reconstructed time series is compared with magnetic measurements and shows the correspondence between low‐latitude to mid‐latitude aurorae and the phase of magnetic storms. The spatial evolution of the auroral oval is compared with those of other extreme space weather events in 1872, 1909, 1921, and 1989 as well as their storm intensity and contextualizes the Carrington event, as one of the most extreme space weather events, but likely not unique.

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Section: Auroral Evolutions and Magnetic Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and Spatial Evolutions of a Large Sunspot Group and Great Auroral Storms Around the Carrington Event in 1859

早川¹

2019

Space Weather

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“…Besides, Vaquero et al () report a possible case of sporadic aurora in Mexico on 19 April 1843. We point out also that, to our knowledge, there are no reports in Mexico of the low‐latitude red aurora registered in Asia in September 1770 (Ebihara et al, ; Hayakawa et al, ; Kataoka & Iwahashi, ; Nakazawa et al, ; Willis et al, ) nor for the aurora in October 1870 (Vaquero et al, ).…”

Section: Observations Of the 1859 Aurora In Mexicomentioning

confidence: 67%

Observations of Low‐Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm

González-Esparza

Cuevas-Cardona

2018

Space Weather

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One of the most intense geomagnetic storm that has been documented in recent history occurred on 1 September 1859. This storm is known as the Carrington Event. In the morning of 1 September at around 11:15 UT, Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson observed in England, independently and for the first time, an intense white light solar flare. About 17 hr after this solar event, there occurred the strongest geomagnetic perturbation ever recorded as well as a greatly extended red aurora, which covered unusually at low latitudes. The red auroral display on 2 September was reported in regions where this kind of phenomena is very rare, like in Cuba and Hawaii. Until now however, it was not known to scientists that the low‐latitude red aurora is also registered in Mexico. At that time, Mexico was in a civil war, and there were very difficult conditions in where to establish astronomical and magnetic observatories. Nevertheless, the geomagnetic storm was observed with a maximum intensity between 7:00 and 8:00 UTC and was reported to a Mexican newspaper from five different locations (Mexico City, Querétaro, Guadalajara, Hidalgo, and Guanajuato) and registered also from at least in two additional sites (Michoacán and San Luis Potosí) in other historical documents. These records confirm that the Carrington geomagnetic storm was a global event with planetary repercussions, and that the Mexican low‐latitude region is susceptible to significant effects associated with intense space weather events.

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“…We calculated the 2D distribution of the auroral volume emission rates at 630.0 nm and 557.7 nm. The simulation scheme is the same as that performed by Ebihara et al (2017), except that the flux of precipitating electrons was multiplied by 10, and the precipitation of the electrons was assumed to occur between 29° and 32° ILATs. The Spectrum B of precipitating electrons (Ebihara et al 2017) was used to calculate the volume emission rate of the aurora, which corresponds to the HILEEs observed by the DMSP F8 satellite at 0130:08 UT on 14 March 1989 (Dst value of −589 nT).…”

Section: Auroral Extent and Scale Of The Magnetic Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This event even possibly rivaled the Carrington event. It has recently been reported that in 1770, a great sunspot at least twice as large as the one during the Carrington event possibly resulted in a series of great magnetic storms causing extremely bright low-latitude auroras visible down to 18.8° MLAT in association with precipitation of high-intensity low-energy electrons (HILEEs) to the upper atmosphere (Ebihara et al 2017;Hayakawa et al 2017e).…”

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A great space weather event in February 1730

Hayakawa

Ebihara

Vaquero

et al. 2018

A&A

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Aims. Historical records provide evidence of extreme magnetic storms with equatorward auroral extensions before the epoch of systematic magnetic observations. One significant magnetic storm occurred on February 15, 1730. We scale this magnetic storm with auroral extension and contextualise it based on contemporary solar activity. Methods. We examined historical records in East Asia and computed the magnetic latitude (MLAT)Hayakawa et al. 2of observational sites to scale magnetic storms. We also compared them with auroral records in Southern Europe. We examined contemporary sunspot observations to reconstruct detailed solar activity between 1729 and 1731.Results. We show 29 auroral records in East Asian historical documents and 37 sunspot observations.Conclusions. These records show that the auroral displays were visible at least down to 25.8°MLAT throughout East Asia. In comparison with contemporary European records, we show that the boundary of the auroral display closest to the equator surpassed 45.1° MLAT and possibly came down to 31.5° MLAT in its maximum phase, with considerable brightness. Contemporary sunspot records show an active phase in the first half of 1730 during the declining phase of the solar cycle.This magnetic storm was at least as intense as the magnetic storm in 1989, but less intense than the Carrington event.

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Possible Cause of Extremely Bright Aurora Witnessed in East Asia on 17 September 1770

Cited by 41 publications

References 43 publications

Temporal and Spatial Evolutions of a Large Sunspot Group and Great Auroral Storms Around the Carrington Event in 1859

Temporal and Spatial Evolutions of a Large Sunspot Group and Great Auroral Storms Around the Carrington Event in 1859

Observations of Low‐Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm

A great space weather event in February 1730

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