Possibilities of Using Organic Waste after Biological and Physical Processing—An Overview

Abstract

With a rapidly increasing amount of waste, waste management is an extremely important issue. Utilising processes such as combustion and biological processing significantly decreases the accumulation and volume of waste. Despite this, huge volumes of resulting waste that still need to be managed remain. This paper identifies various methods of processing organic waste, discussing both thermal and biological techniques for waste management. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that the end products remaining after processing waste are oftentimes functional for agricultural use. These materials are excellent byproducts used to produce various organic, mineral and organomineral fertilisers. For instance, it appears that the production of fertilisers is the most promising method of utilising fly ash that results from the combustion of waste. In order to minimise the environmental risk of polluting soil with heavy metals, waste, as well as ashes resulting from combustion, must meet the criteria for the limit of contaminants.

Scenario modelling of proxy system in the context of Malaysian food flow management

“…At the downstream of waste disposal, the amount of food flow discharge into the environment is the main contributor, amounting up to 89%, followed by compost landfill at 8%, and reused waste by the trading sector at 3%, (Diagram 3). The performance of waste flow that is rich with special bio-organic mixture has the potential to complete the material (or food) recycling through anaerobic digestion, compost consolidation, energy recovery, or conversion in any way to a valuable product for export outside the study system (M.N et al., 2021; Szulc et al., 2021 ). Nevertheless, other factors such as cost, technology, and socio-culture may affect the efficiency in the governance of food waste recovery, thereby reducing the value-added food loop in the subsystem.…”

Use of Onion Waste as Fuel for the Generation of Bioelectricity

“…According to the World Bank, people will produce 2.2 trillion tons of solid waste in 2025 [4], of which approximately 33% will be waste that will not be managed safely [5]. According to Szulc et al (2021), each person produces an average of 0.74 kg per day, but it can vary from 0.11 to 4.54 kg due to people's diet [6]. Considering that some regions are developing rapidly, this will double or triple their waste production [7].…”

Biogas digestate as a sustainable phytosterol source for biotechnological cascade valorization

“…Accordingly, cascade valorization of anaerobic digestate is increasingly used to maximize biomass utilization and minimize its adverse effects (Guilayn et al, 2022 ; Kaur et al, 2020 ; Monlau et al, 2015 ; Tumaševičiūtė & Ignatavičius, 2019 ). Thermo‐chemical valorization, such as pyrolysis, combustion or hydrothermal carbonization, generates additional energy and value‐added products from whole or solid digestate in the form of heat, bio‐char, bio‐oils or syngas (Guilayn et al, 2022 ; Monlau et al, 2015 ; Sheets et al, 2015 ; Szulc et al, 2021 ). Liquid digestate fractions are typically valorized by nutrient recovery technologies such as ammonia stripping and struvite precipitation to produce concentrated fertilizer solutions (Macura et al, 2019 ; Tampio et al, 2016 ; Törnwall et al, 2017 ).…”