Possibilities of failure analysis for steel cord conveyor belts using knowledge obtained from non-destructive testing of steel ropes

Fedorko, Gabriel; Molnár, Vieroslav; Ferková, Želmíra; Peterka, Pavel; Krešák, Jozef; Tomašková, Marianna

doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.05.026

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As a result of the applied force the movement of edge dislocations in the ferrite precipitation follows, as well as dislocation of crystal fragments over the slip planes and because the fact that each ferrite lamella has different crystallographic orientation the dislocations are crossing at the cementite lamellae initiating finally creation of microcracks. The studies have confirmed the earlier literature reports, the works of Langeford, Wilson, Embury and Fisher [12,13,31] indicating that in the course of plastic deformation of pearlitic steel it is just on the cementite lamellae that the strongest concentration of lattice defects appears which, in the consequence is the cause of cracking of these structural components.…”

Section: Purpose and Object Of The Testssupporting

confidence: 89%

The impact of operation of elastomeric track chains on the selected properties of the steel cord wires

Grygier

2016

EiN

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Article citation info: (*) Tekst artykułu w polskiej wersji językowej dostępny w elektronicznym wydaniu kwartalnika na stronie www.ein.org.pl IntroductionThe track running systems enable movement of heavy vehicles on unpaved and rough terrain, snow-covered, marshy or swampy surfaces, as well as overcoming natural or artificial barriers [5,7,28]. This is possible by distributing the vehicle mass on greater surface which causes significant drop in unit pressure, increase in adherence of a vehicle and achieving greater driving force. The systems also improve quality of operation and maneuvering a vehicle in the difficult terrain conditions by reducing the rolling resistance and the tendency of a vehicle to sink.The track is a closed band girding wheels and rolls of the track running system on the circumference of which four zones can be distinguished: the upper one rolled over tension rollers, the retaining one cooperating with the ground, since it determines the size of the resulting driving force necessary for the motion of the vehicle, and the two inclined ones contained between one of the support wheels and the drive wheel, as well as the carrier wheel and the directional wheel [5,28]. The track chain bears all forces, vertical, longitudinal and transverse, appearing in contact of a vehicle with foundation. Due to the construction the metal, rubber-metal and elastomer tracks can be distinguished.The elastomeric tracks are designed on the principle of the inner chain created by links responsible for carrying the drive from the driving wheel and preventing sliding the track off [5,7,28]. Additionally, the track is reinforced with steel cord sunk in elastomer creating the tread pattern aimed at stiffening the structure, maintaining its proper deflection and giving the proper resistance to tensile forces.The cord is a structure composed of strands created by several intertwined individual wires. The cord may also be the strand itself made of several wires [3,11,16,19,20]. Individual wires have diameters from 0,15 to 0,38 mm, are produced as brass or zinc plated wires and have the following properties [16,18,19,20]: very high dynamic module, -high stiffness, -high strength, -low creep capacity, -high compressive modulus, -dimensional stability, -high resonance frequencies. -Wires designated for production of steel cord reinforcing tracks are manufactured from unalloyed pearlitic steel. The pearlitic steels containing from about 0,70 to 0,95% C belong to the group of unalloyed steels of the quality class designated for cold drawing or rolling [1-3, 8, 11, 18, 20]. Their chemical composition and mechanical properties are in compliance with the PN-EN 10323:2006 (U) standard [12]. As standard the steel wires for cord are characterised with tensile strength within the range of 2573 to even 4116 MPa [11,16].One of the problems widely discussed in the subject literature is cracking of the pearlitic steel subjected to plastic working and during its operating [4,18,10,14,16]. The problem is the more serious that it concerns ...

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Section: Purpose and Object Of The Testssupporting

confidence: 89%

The impact of operation of elastomeric track chains on the selected properties of the steel cord wires

Grygier

2016

EiN

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“…The main idea of the non-linear SVM is to create non-linear kernel classifiers which map the data onto a higher-dimensional feature space, expecting that in the higher-dimensional space, the data could become more easily separated. Equation (2) has been obtained by using the kernel function given in Equation (1).…”

Section: Non-linear Model Of the Sdtsvm Based On The Kernel Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Skewness Decision Tree SVM Algorithm for the Classification of Steel Cord Conveyor Belt Defects

Mao

Zhang

et al. 2018

Applied Sciences

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Skewness Decision Tree Support Vector Machine (SDTSVM) algorithm is widely known as a supervised learning model for multi-class classification problems. However, the classification accuracy of the SDTSVM algorithm depends on the perfect selection of its parameters and the classification order. Therefore, an improved SDTSVM (ISDTSVM) algorithm is proposed in order to improve the classification accuracy of steel cord conveyor belt defects. In the proposed model, the classification order is determined by the sum of the Euclidean distances between multi-class sample centers and the parameters are optimized by the inertia weight Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the ISDTSVM algorithm with different feature space, experiments were conducted on multiple UCI (University of California Irvine) data sets and steel cord conveyor belt defects using the proposed ISDTSVM algorithm and the conventional SDTSVM algorithm respectively. The average classification accuracies of five-fold cross-validation were obtained, based on two kinds of kernel functions respectively. For the Vowel, Zoo, and Wine data sets of the UCI data sets, as well as the steel cord conveyor belt defects, the ISDTSVM algorithm improved the classification accuracy by 3%, 3%, 1% and 4% respectively, compared to the SDTSVM algorithm. The classification accuracy of the radial basis function kernel were higher than the polynomial kernel. The results indicated that the proposed ISDTSVM algorithm improved the classification accuracy significantly, compared to the conventional SDTSVM algorithm.

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“…The lower permeability of the air leads to magnetic field leakage (MFL) from the rope defect, and the strength of the MFL can be obtained from an appropriately designed magnetic detection device. In terms of the type of excitation source employed, electromagnetic detection can be divided according to the use of a coil [10,11] or a permanent magnet [12,13,14,15,16,17] for generating a magnetic field. Modified main-flux equipment has been developed for wire rope inspection, which induced changes in the electromagnetic field strength owing to the leakage field derived from defects in various large-diameter wire ropes [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other researchers [11] employed a pair of saddle coils for the magnetization of a steel track rope, and this system was applied to detect small, inner flaws in the rope. Permanent magnets have been employed in a saddle structure to saturate wire rope in a uniform magnetic field [14,15,16,17]. Wang et al [12] investigated the effect of excitation distance and the lift-off distance between the sensors and the wire rope surface on the detection precision.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For MFL signal acquisition, a commonly employed in-service NDT method utilizes an induction coil [10,17], Hall effect sensor [14,18,19,20,21], giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor [11,22], and tunnel magnetoresistive (TMR) sensor [23]. Jomdecha and Prateepasen [10] modified a conventional induction coil into a coil array that densely covered the wire rope to acquire the MFL signal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-Destructive Detection of Wire Rope Discontinuities from Residual Magnetic Field Images Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform and Compressed Sensing

Zhang

Tan

Zheng

2017

Sensors

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Electromagnetic methods are commonly employed to detect wire rope discontinuities. However, determining the residual strength of wire rope based on the quantitative recognition of discontinuities remains problematic. We have designed a prototype device based on the residual magnetic field (RMF) of ferromagnetic materials, which overcomes the disadvantages associated with in-service inspections, such as large volume, inconvenient operation, low precision, and poor portability by providing a relatively small and lightweight device with improved detection precision. A novel filtering system consisting of the Hilbert-Huang transform and compressed sensing wavelet filtering is presented. Digital image processing was applied to achieve the localization and segmentation of defect RMF images. The statistical texture and invariant moment characteristics of the defect images were extracted as the input of a radial basis function neural network. Experimental results show that the RMF device can detect defects in various types of wire rope and prolong the service life of test equipment by reducing the friction between the detection device and the wire rope by accommodating a high lift-off distance.

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Possibilities of failure analysis for steel cord conveyor belts using knowledge obtained from non-destructive testing of steel ropes

Cited by 28 publications

References 24 publications

The impact of operation of elastomeric track chains on the selected properties of the steel cord wires

The impact of operation of elastomeric track chains on the selected properties of the steel cord wires

An Improved Skewness Decision Tree SVM Algorithm for the Classification of Steel Cord Conveyor Belt Defects

Non-Destructive Detection of Wire Rope Discontinuities from Residual Magnetic Field Images Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform and Compressed Sensing

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