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This review article is devoted to the use of feed efficiency traits in dairy cattle breeding. An efficient cow is defined as the one that produces the same amount of milk and milk solids while consuming less feed and remaining healthy and fertile; thus, allowing to reduce costs without decrease in production. Improving feed efficiency is economically important due to the increasing price of fodder. Feed efficiency is a genetically complex trait that can be described as units of product output (e.g., milk yield) per unit of feed input. Nowadays genetic evaluation of dairy cattle for feed efficiency is routinely conducted in several countries, including Australia, USA, Canada, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom. Different countries use different measures of feed efficiency of dairy cows. The main feed efficiency traits are dry matter intake, gross feed efficiency, residual feed intake, energy balance and feed saved. Genome-wide association studies demonstrated that feed efficiency in polygenic trait. Nevertheless, several genes with large effects on feed efficiency were identified. Estimates of heritability of these traits vary from 0.07 to 0.49 and show the presence of considerable genetic variation of these traits and therefore, the possibility of their genetic improvement under the conditions of inclusion in breeding programs. Changes in diet and rumen microbiome substantially impact feed efficiency of dairy cows. Feed efficiency is related to methane emissions and excess nitrogen excretion. Genetic improvement of feed efficiency requires recording of individual data on feed intake in cows. Such data are limited. Two options exist to solve this problem: use of indirect predictors and genomic prediction. Accuracy of genomic prediction varies from 0.21 to 0.61 across countries. International cooperative projects such as Efficient Dairy Genome Project in Canada were launched to establish large databases and to increase accuracy of feed efficiency traits genomic prediction. Future directions of research are the use of novel technologies: mid-infrared spectroscopy, artificial intelligence, holo-omics.
This review article is devoted to the use of feed efficiency traits in dairy cattle breeding. An efficient cow is defined as the one that produces the same amount of milk and milk solids while consuming less feed and remaining healthy and fertile; thus, allowing to reduce costs without decrease in production. Improving feed efficiency is economically important due to the increasing price of fodder. Feed efficiency is a genetically complex trait that can be described as units of product output (e.g., milk yield) per unit of feed input. Nowadays genetic evaluation of dairy cattle for feed efficiency is routinely conducted in several countries, including Australia, USA, Canada, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and United Kingdom. Different countries use different measures of feed efficiency of dairy cows. The main feed efficiency traits are dry matter intake, gross feed efficiency, residual feed intake, energy balance and feed saved. Genome-wide association studies demonstrated that feed efficiency in polygenic trait. Nevertheless, several genes with large effects on feed efficiency were identified. Estimates of heritability of these traits vary from 0.07 to 0.49 and show the presence of considerable genetic variation of these traits and therefore, the possibility of their genetic improvement under the conditions of inclusion in breeding programs. Changes in diet and rumen microbiome substantially impact feed efficiency of dairy cows. Feed efficiency is related to methane emissions and excess nitrogen excretion. Genetic improvement of feed efficiency requires recording of individual data on feed intake in cows. Such data are limited. Two options exist to solve this problem: use of indirect predictors and genomic prediction. Accuracy of genomic prediction varies from 0.21 to 0.61 across countries. International cooperative projects such as Efficient Dairy Genome Project in Canada were launched to establish large databases and to increase accuracy of feed efficiency traits genomic prediction. Future directions of research are the use of novel technologies: mid-infrared spectroscopy, artificial intelligence, holo-omics.
Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України Анотація. У корів української чорно-рябої молочної породи останнім часом спостерігають короткий період продуктивного використання, зниження плодючості та виникнення метаболічних захворювань. Для пошуку шляхів селекції тварин на довговічність та збереження високої продуктивності вивчили особливості використання корів в онтогенезі. Дослідження проводили за даними довічного використання худоби української чорно-рябої молочної породи в умовах Київської області. Вивчали вікову динаміку молочної продуктивності, вік досягнення вищої лактації, тип вим'я, відсоток вибуття корів впродовж використання. У первісток впродовж лактації вивчали добові надої, їх успадковуваність (h 2 ) і повторюваність(r і rw). Встановлено, що абсолютна більшість (96 %) корів мають вим'я чашоподібної і ванноподібної форм. Максимальну молочну продуктивність корови мають на четвертій лактації, після чого надої знижуються. Після 8-го отелення за надоєм корови не відрізняються від первісток. У 51 % введених в стадо тварин перша лактація залишається вищою. Більшість високопродуктивних корів після перших отелень вибувають або суттєво знижують продуктивність. Вибуття первісток становить майже 22 %. До початку четвертої лактації, коли очікують пік продуктивності, вибуває 56 % корів. В онтогенезі тривалість лактації виявилась достатньо сталою величиною (rw = 0,409; P > 0,999). Найбільше корелюють за тривалістю з третього по шостий лактаційні періоди. В межах однієї лактації, яку вивчали у первісток, добові надої зростають протягом першого і другого місяців лактації. На третьому місяці відбувається їх стабілізація. В подальшому надої корів поступово зменшуються. Помічено значну мінливість добових надоїв корів. На кожному місяці лактації
Modern cattle selection programs are characterized by the increase of traits with a low level of genetic determination. This change is associated to a technical means of verification capabilities (automated milking systems, behavioral video surveillance systems, control of rumination process, etc.), the success of genomics when selection based on genetic markers requires additional controls over the phenotypic changes. But the basic selection remains the production economy-based selection process. Recently, more features related to reproduction and productive longevity or animal health have been included in this group. A study was carried out on the effects of genetic and environmental factors on the voluntary waiting period, the open days and milk productivity. A new feature was identified – the insemination period which was defined as the difference between the length of the open days and the waiting period. Investigations were carried out on Holstein cows (605 heads in total), the average milk yield which amounted 8777 kg. The majority of the primary information was the data of the Uniform Agri program, which analyzed using variance and correlation-regression analysis. Weak probable impact of the «father» factor on the 305-day milk yield of lactation (11.5 %), the open days (5.4 %) and the insemination period (5.2 %) was identified. A positive, reliable and weak correlation was found between lactation milk yields and service period (0.115, p ≤ 0.01.), and between service period and voluntary waiting period (0.257, p ≤ 0.01). The dependence of the length of the service period and the voluntary waiting period on paratypic factors such as the age of cow’s lactation and the month of their calving is investigated. As such, a tendency to reduce the length of the open days and the voluntary waiting period in cows with each subsequent lactation. It is found that the length of the voluntary waiting period was the largest in cows that calved in November, March, May, and the shortest – in August. At the same time, cows that had calved in March was the largest the open days, and with calving in February – the shortest. It was concluded that the possibility of using the value of the insemination period in the selection programs. The possibility of using the traits of the level of reproduction in the selection programs has been proven.
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