Possibilities for changing to resource recovery in Kampala's on-site sanitation regime

Estimating environmental and societal impacts from scaling up urine concentration technologies

“…Struvite is precipitated from the urine by adding a magnesium source and is separated from the liquid by filtering (Antonini, 2013;. The dried product is a powder (McConville et al, 2020).…”

“…Since pathogen removal was assumed, the health assessment focused on health risks associated with operating the different systems. Thus, the MCA focused on additional hazards for workers' health arising from the urine concentration systems considering the chemicals used, system maintenance, potential for process failure and pathogen exposure from partially treated urine McConville et al, 2020;Senecal, 2020;Tarpeh et al, 2018a). Information about hazardous events associated with the baseline WWTP was taken from a summary by IVL (2020) and applied to all systems, since all future scenarios used the WWTP for blackwater treatment.…”

Resource recovery technologies as microbial risk barriers: towards safe use of excreta in agriculture based on hazard analysis and critical control point

“…6 Recent studies have suggested that the pH of the matrices should be maintained above ten in the presence of ammonia for effective inactivation of virus and bacteria. 14,64…”

“…12 Pathogen inactivation efficacy of emerging resource recovery technologies have been evaluated over the past few years; pathogen inactivation and biocidal factors have been summarized in previous reports. 14–16 However, individual technologies are yet to be characterized for implementing the HACCP approach in SSP. To fully implement HACCP-based management in SSP, the following procedures are needed for technological barriers in advance: 8,17 1) identification of CCPs in a sanitation system, 2) selection of monitoring parameters that affect pathogen inactivation, 3) development of a pathogen inactivation kinetics model, and 4) determination of the CLs for sufficient inactivation of pathogens.…”

Predictive Environmental Microbiology for Safe Use of Sanitation Products in Agriculture: Challenges and Perspectives

“…The temperature, treatment time, moisture content, and pH are critical factors for improving the inactivation rate of pathogens (Table ). A pH of >9 has been recommended, , but more recent studies suggested that it should be revised to pH >10 and that ammonia is the key to efficient inactivation. , If those parameter values are not achieved in a process, the storage and/or treatment time should be prolonged.…”