Possession and jinn

Khalifa, Najat; Hardie, Timothy

doi:10.1258/jrsm.98.8.351

Cited by 43 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…14,22,35 Four additional patients were excluded because they did not meet the criteria for DTD, although presented as such by the authors. 17,23,30,38 Third, we assume that most patients suffering from DTD are managed by traditional healers. Fourth, owing to a lack of awareness and understanding of the disorder among health care workers, DTD may be mistaken for other disorders-other specifi ed dissociative disorders, conversion and somatoform disorders, psychotic disorders, or malingering.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 In addition to the symptoms described by current classifi cations (Table 1), we found auditory and (or) visual hallucinations in 44% to 56% of patients with possession, and somatic complaints in 20% to 34% of all patients. In a few patients, we found features of depression, 17,29,34,36 suicidal thoughts, 26 social withdrawal, 17,22 isolation, fear, or suspicion of others. 20 One patient manifested with selfmutilation (carving on her arms), which led to a suicide attempt.…”

Section: Diagnostic Procedures and Clinical Datamentioning

confidence: 92%

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A Critical Review of Dissociative Trance and Possession Disorders: Etiological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Nosological Issues

et al. 2011

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Objective: Although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, acknowledges the existence of dissociative trance and possession disorders, simply named dissociative trance disorder (DTD), it asks for further studies to assess its clinical utility in the DSM-5. To answer this question, we conducted the fi rst review of the medical literature. Method:The MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were searched from 1988 to 2010, seeking case reports of DTD according to the DSM or the International Classifi cation of Diseases defi nitions. For each article, we collected epidemiologic and clinical data, explanatory models used by authors, treatments, and information on the outcome. Results:We found 28 articles reporting 402 cases of patients with DTD worldwide. The data show an equal proportion of female and male patients, and a predominance of possession (69%), compared with trance (31%). Amnesia is reported by 20% of patients. Conversely, hallucinatory symptoms during possession episodes were found in 56% of patients and thus should feature as an important criterion. Somatic complaints are found in 34% of patients. Multiple explanatory models are simultaneously held and appear to be complementary. Conclusion:Data strongly suggest the inclusion of DTD in the DSM-5, provided certain adjustments are implemented. DTD is a widespread disorder that can be understood as a global idiom of distress, probably underdiagnosed in Western countries owing to cultural biases, whose incidence could increase given the rising fl ow of migration. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management should result from a comprehensive evaluation both of sociocultural and of idiosyncratic issues, among which acculturation diffi culties should systematically be considered, especially in cross-cultural settings.Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(4):235-242. Clinical Implications• The DSM and the International Classifi cation of Diseases present dissociative trance and possession disorder as a transient involuntary state of dissociation causing distress or impairment.• Although reported worldwide, and possibly owing to various psychosocial stressors, in industrialized societies the disorder may more specifi cally concern people from ethnic minorities for whom acculturation diffi culties may play a key role.• A cross-cultural approach seems necessary for a better understanding of the disorder as well as to increase the validity of diagnosis and effi cacy of management. Limitations• This review was limited to articles written in English and indexed on major medical databases, thus reducing the number of studies and reported patients.• Owing to cultural biases and misconceptions about altered states of consciousness in Western societies, the disorder may still be underdiagnosed.• Papers showed important discrepancies in both the amount and the precision of data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diagnostic Procedures and Clinical Datamentioning

confidence: 92%

A Critical Review of Dissociative Trance and Possession Disorders: Etiological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Nosological Issues

et al. 2011

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“…UK Muslims report that mental distress is understood in the context of religious beliefs. Many older Pakistani people consult traditional healers and religious leaders from their own community and belief in possession by spirits, who may be malevolent, is evident among some members of the Pakistani community [17]. Evidence from a recent survey in the UK suggested that people with a Pakistani background had lower well-being, measured mainly by life satisfaction, than white people while this was not the case for people with Chinese family background [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross cultural evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) -a mixed methods study

Taggart

Friede

Weich

et al. 2013

Health Qual Life Outcomes

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BackgroundWe aimed to validate the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) among English speaking adults representing two of the minority ethnic groups living in the UK, self-identified as Chinese or Pakistani by background, in a mixed methods study.MethodsQuantitative data were collected in two cities in the West Midlands, UK. Item response, dimensionality, internal consistency, and construct validity of the WEMWBS were assessed in Chinese and Pakistani groups separately, using data from both cities combined.Qualitative data were collected in the first city in eight focus groups of different ages recruited by the community workers. Three mixed sex Chinese and five single sex Pakistani groups discussed ease of completion and comprehension of items, together with overall reactions to the scale and underlying concept.Results of quantitative and qualitative analysis were examined for commonalities and differences.ResultsItem completion and item total correlations were satisfactory in both groups. In the Chinese data, Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a single factor with loadings ranging from 0.60 to 0.82 for all 14 items. In the Pakistani data, three factors reached statistical significance; however, a substantial drop in eigenvalues between the first and second factors and the limited variance explained by the second and third factors supported a one-factor model. All items loaded on this factor from 0.51 to 0.83.In the Chinese and Pakistani data respectively, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92 (0.89 – 0.94) and 0.91 (0.88 – 0.94); Spearman’s correlation with GHQ-12 was - 0.63 (−0.73 to −0.49) and −0.55 (−0.70 to −0.36), and with the WHO-5 0.62 (0.46-0.75) and 0.64 (0.50 to 0.76).Qualitative analysis revealed good comprehension and ease of completion of almost all items. Some culturally determined differences in understanding of mental well-being, which varied both between and within communities, emerged.ConclusionsThe WEMWBS was well received by members of both Pakistani and Chinese communities. It showed high levels of consistency and reliability compared with accepted criteria. Data were sufficiently strong to recommend the WEMWBS for use in general population surveys.

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“…For example, devout Muslims may discuss some of their symptoms in terms of the effects of Jinn or in distinction from the effects of Jinn. viii It is widely accepted amongst Muslims that Jinn are real creatures that are capable of causing physical and mental harm, such as possession (Khalifa & Hardie, 2005). Many Muslims also believe that Jinn can enter the human body and cause mental illness.…”

Section: S P E C I a L S E C T I O N : I N T H E N A M E O F T H E W mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The origins of Jinn can be traced back to the Qur'an, originating before mankind from "smokeless flame of fire." Jinn are said to inhabit dark places such as graveyards and caves and are known for tempting or seducing mankind to stray from Allah (Khalifa & Hardie, 2005) ix http://www.courthousenews.com/genies-cited-in-oncesecret-briefon-wheelchair-ban-at-Guantánamo /.…”

Section: S P E C I a L S E C T I O N : I N T H E N A M E O F T H E W mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstacles to torture rehabilitation at Guantánamo Bay

Connell

Pradhan²,

Lander³

2017

Torture

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This article sets out the legal duty of the United States of America to provide victims of torture and cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment (CIDT) the right to full rehabilitation under international law, including those still detained at the facility at Guantánamo Bay. After an examination of some of the torture methods used on these detainees, while they were in the custody of the CIA and arguably afterwards, it goes on to indicate the current obstacles to rehabilitation, including on-going incarceration, lack of impunity, classification of medical documents and limited access to non-military staff. Limited options for possible psychological assistance towards the right to rehabilitation are considered.

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Possession and jinn

Cited by 43 publications

References 6 publications

A Critical Review of Dissociative Trance and Possession Disorders: Etiological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Nosological Issues

A Critical Review of Dissociative Trance and Possession Disorders: Etiological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Nosological Issues

Cross cultural evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) -a mixed methods study

Obstacles to torture rehabilitation at Guantánamo Bay

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