Positron diffusion in the liquid metal phase

Abstract

We have analyzed the positron diffusion length date in the liquid phase of In metal from the view point of the restoration of the spontaneously broken density around the positron. 1 Introduction The study of the dynamics of charged particles in liquids is significant not only for fundamental science but also for the chemical reactions in fluids. In order to understand the dynamics of charged particles in the liquid phase, we need to study the short-range structures of their fluctuations in liquids. Since fluctuation from the equilibrium medium is preferable in liquid phases, localization of charged particles like positrons is highly probable [1, 2]. Free energy density functional theories [3,4] provide self-trapping as a solution of the charged particle in a host liquid. Liquids and glasses are disordered substances, and can be represented as a fiber bundle, because a gauge field is geometrically a connection in a fiber bundle [5]. Based on an important idea of Kleman and Sadoc [6], it has been proposed that the parameter ρ(r,u) in two-dimensional and three-dimensional metallic liquids and glasses is specified by rigid-body rotation, which are related to gauge fields of SO(3) symmetry for S 2 and SO(4) symmetry for S 3 , respectively [6,7], one(I,K) of the present authors [8][9][10][11][12][13] has introduced the effective Lagrangian in the gauge-invariant formula with spontaneous symmetry breaking for two dimensional and three dimensional metallic liquids and glasses, and has discussed the origin of the boson peak, the glass transition, and the viscosity of the supercooled metallic liquids. Gramsh et al. [14,15] have observed very different behaviours of the diffusion length L + of positrons in liquid and solid metals. That is, on melting L + decreases remarkably, and in the liquid phase, L + increases with temperature. Seeger [16] proposed one qualitative explanation for these behaviours by using two kinds of polaronic positron states. One(I.K) of the present authors [17,18] proposed a qualitative explanation for the increase with temperature of the positron diffusion length in liquid metals. In this study, we will analyze the positron diffusion length date in the liquid phase of In metal of Gramsch et al. [15] from the view point of the restoration of the spontaneously broken density around the positron [17,18].

Positron and Ion Migrations and the Attractive Interactions between like Ion Pairs in the Liquids: Based on Studies with Slow Positron Beam

“…Open circles and solid circles correspond to experimental data points of In and Pb metals [15]. A dotted line is fitted one [23]. A solid line (the present work) is fitted one by using eq.…”

“…Kanazawa [16][17][18][19][20] has introduced the effective Lagrangian in the gauge-invariant formula with spontaneous symmetry breaking for liquids and glasses, and has discussed the origin of the boson peak, the glass transition, and the viscosity of the supercooled liquids. Kanazawa and coworkers [21][22][23][24] proposed a qualitative explanation for the increase of the positron diffusion length L + with temperature in the liquid phase, by using the theoretical formula, which is based on the gaugeinvariant effective Lagrangian with spontaneously broken density (the hedgehog like fluctuation) and the massive internal gauge fields. In addition Kanazawa et al [28] have suggested one origin of the attractive interaction between like ion pairs in liquids, extending the theoretical formula [20][21][22][23].…”

“…Kanazawa and coworkers [21][22][23][24] proposed a qualitative explanation for the increase of the positron diffusion length L + with temperature in the liquid phase, by using the theoretical formula, which is based on the gaugeinvariant effective Lagrangian with spontaneously broken density (the hedgehog like fluctuation) and the massive internal gauge fields. In addition Kanazawa et al [28] have suggested one origin of the attractive interaction between like ion pairs in liquids, extending the theoretical formula [20][21][22][23]. Recently Yamada et al [29] have explained the origin of the attractive interaction between the Cl − -Cl − pair in water, which is introduced by the integral equation method [1], by using the theoretical formula [28].…”

Positron and Charged Ion Diffusion and the Effective Interactions in the Liquid Phase

“…3. [13,14] A solid line is proportional to ~T1/4 . This relation is derived from "Polaronic" e + state explain experimental data well, as stressed by Seeger [15].…”