“…In recent years, membrane technology has significantly contributed to sewage treatment, seawater desalination, drinking water production, and recycled water reuse and is acknowledged as a reliable and environmentally sustainable treatment process. , Despite its successes, membrane technology faces challenges in effectively rejecting heavy metals. Ultrafiltration (UF) and even nanofiltration (NF) membranes encounter obstacles in rejecting heavy metal ions (e.g., Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Cd 2+ ) due to their small hydration radii, typically less than 3 Å. , Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) has been developed and applied, and its effectiveness in removing heavy metals has been confirmed in several studies. , MEUF involves adding surfactants at concentrations reaching the critical micelle concentration (CMC) to heavy metal wastewater .…”