Positive Work Contribution Shifts from Distal to Proximal Joints during a Prolonged Run

Sanno, Maximilian; Willwacher, Steffen; Epro, Gaspar; Brüggemann, Gert–Peter

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001707

Cited by 74 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Furthermore, it has been shown that an increased alignment between the resultant GRF and the runner's leg during propulsion, as induced by the high location in the present study, was associated with better running economy (Moore et al, 2016). Finally, less positive work generated at the knee joint together with less net knee and hip torques may avoid an early onset on fatigue during prolonged running duration (Alexander, 1991;Sanno, Willwacher, Epro, & Brüggemann, 2018). When introducing a stiff plate into the shoe, it should be done in a high location to induce biomechanical responses associated with lower metabolic cost of running.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

The stiff plate location into the shoe influences the running biomechanics

Flores

Rao

Berton

et al. 2019

Sports Biomechanics

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The changes in running biomechanics induced by an increased longitudinal bending stiffness (stiff plates added into the shoes) have been well investigated, but little is known concerning the effects of the stiff plate location into the shoe on running biomechanics. Fourteen male recreational runners ran at two participantspecific running speeds (3.28 ± 0.28 m/s and 4.01 ± 0.27 m/s) with two shoe conditions where a stiff plate was added either in high (under the insole) or low location (between the midsole and outsole). Ground reaction forces, lower limb joint angles, net joint torques and work, as well as alignment between the resultant ground reaction force and the leg were analysed. Among the running speeds performed by the runners, the high location significantly decreased propulsive ground reaction forces, increased metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion and ankle plantarflexion, induced an increased alignment between the resultant ground reaction force and the runner's leg, thus decreasing all the lower limb joint torques and the positive work at the knee joint compared to the low location. The results suggested that the high stiff plate location into the shoe should be considered for running performance perspectives, but care should be taken to not alter the perceived comfort and/or increase injury risks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

The stiff plate location into the shoe influences the running biomechanics

Flores

Rao

Berton

et al. 2019

Sports Biomechanics

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“…Finally, it might be beneficial to quantify the runners' biomechanics during prolonged running. Recent research suggests that energy generation patterns within the lower extremity can change throughout a prolonged run (Sanno, Willwacher, Epro, & Brüggemann, 2018). In order to differentiate whether fluid shifts away from muscle tissue are due to dehydration or due to altered muscle activity, experimental designs should consider changes in running mechanics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The time course of calf muscle fluid volume during prolonged running

et al. 2020

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Muscle fluid is essential for the biochemistry and the biomechanics of muscle contraction. Here, we provide evidence that muscle fluid volumes undergo significant changes during 75 min of moderate intensity (2.7 ± 0.4 m/s) running. Using MRI measurements at baseline and after 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 45 and 75 min, we found that the volumes of calf muscles (quantified through average cross‐sectional area) in 18 young recreational runners increase (up to 9% in the gastrocnemii) at the beginning and decrease (below baseline levels) at later stages of running. However, the intensity of changes varied between analyzed muscles. We speculate that these changes are induced by muscle activity and dehydration‐related changes in osmotic pressure gradients between intramuscular and extramuscular spaces. These findings highlight the complex nature of muscle fluid shifts during prolonged running exercise.

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“…Furthermore, we only collected biomechanical data of runners in an non-fatigued state. During a 75 minutes running bout, running mechanics can change because of running-induced fatigue 17,24 . Therefore, future studies should consider fatigue effects when quantifying HMP deviation during prolonged runs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used a five-segment rigid body model of the pelvis and the right lower extremity to determine 3D joint kinematics. The details of the model can be found in previous publications [16][17][18] .…”

Section: Running Mechanics and Habitual Motion Path Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The habitual motion path theory: Evidence from cartilage volume reductions in the knee joint after 75 minutes of running

Willwacher

Mählich

Trudeau³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the habitual motion path theory predicts that humans tend to maintain their habitual motion path (HMP) during locomotion. The HMP is the path of least resistance of the joints defined by an individual's musculoskeletal anatomy and passive tissue properties. Here we tested whether participants with higher HMp deviation and whether using footwear that increases HMp deviation during running show higher reductions of knee joint articular cartilage volume after 75 minutes of running. We quantified knee joint articular cartilage volumes before and after the run using a 3.0-Tesla MRI. We performed a 3D movement analysis of runners in order to quantify their HMP from a two-legged squat motion and the deviation from the HMP when running in different footwear conditions. We found significantly more cartilage volume reductions in the medial knee compartment and patella for participants with higher HMp deviation. We also found higher cartilage volume reductions on the medial tibia when runners wore a shoe that maximized their HMp deviation compared with the shoe that minmized their HMp deviation. Runners might benefit from reducing their HMP deviation and from selecting footwear by quantifying HMP deviation in order to minimize joint cartilage loading in sub-areas of the knee.Overuse injuries in distance running occur with gradual onset over time and result from the repetitive stress of biological tissues and associated cumulative trauma 1 . The knee joint is the most common site for running-related overuse injuries (RROIs) 2 . Nigg et al. have proposed that the neural control of running is tuned towards minimizing mechanical stress of biological tissues, resulting in an optimal path of lower extremity joint movement for each individual and every specific movement 3 . Recently, we proposed a redefinition of this theory by assuming that the neural control of running is tuned towards keeping the individual's habitual joint motion path (HMP), which we define as the joints' path of least resistance, and a function of an individual's anatomy and passive tissue mechanical properties 4 . As such, the HMP is the set of joint kinematics during motions which minimizes loading of lower extremity joints relative to the loads during running. Examples for these relatively low loading motions are walking, stair climbing, sitting down or standing up from a chair. Consequently, we have developed a simple method to estimate the HMP for individuals from a basic half-squat movement 4 .Running at typical distance running speeds requires greater force application to the ground in order to satisfy the body weight support requirement during shorter ground contact times compared to walking 5,6 . Therefore, runners must generate amplified lower extremity joint moments when running in order to maintain the HMP and to optimize the load distribution to regions that have been adapted to carry these loads. Based on the HMP theory, deviating from the HMP leads to loading of less adapted structures of lower extremity joints, resulting in a greater risk of s...

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Positive Work Contribution Shifts from Distal to Proximal Joints during a Prolonged Run

Cited by 74 publications

References 53 publications

The stiff plate location into the shoe influences the running biomechanics

The stiff plate location into the shoe influences the running biomechanics

The time course of calf muscle fluid volume during prolonged running

The habitual motion path theory: Evidence from cartilage volume reductions in the knee joint after 75 minutes of running

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