Positive Schemas: Replication, Associations With Negative Schemas, and the Dark Triad

Louis, John Philip; Louis, Karen McDonald; Young, Amy

doi:10.1177/00332941221100445

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…These categories of core emotional needs were labeled as Connection and Acceptance, Healthy Autonomy and Performance, Healthy Limits, and Healthy Standards and Reciprocity. The four categories of core emotional needs and toxic experiences were correlated with each other, and results showed that their effect sizes were way below 0.60, demonstrating support for their independence, as demonstrated earlier by Louis et al [48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…It is important to note that both these experiences are related to each other in that an increase in one will cause a decrease in the other, but not to the same degree. Both constructs are separate though related to each other, as shown by Louis et al [48] and this study. Meeting these core emotional needs does not automatically lead to a reduction in toxic experiences to the same degree.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Another important pattern was the link between Impaired Limits and all the DT subscales. This can be explained by the negative EMS of Entitlement that is a significant part of this Impaired Limit category which drives behaviors that disregard rules [ 4 , 48 , 86 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The YPSQ was validated and demonstrated significant correlations with measures of distress such as depression, anxiety, and stress [ 13 ]. EASs from the YPSQ have also been shown to be separate but related constructs with EMSs as opposed to being the same measure but on the opposite side of a continuum [ 48 ]. The reliability values for 12 EASs were >0.76, and for the other two, they were >0.62 [ 13 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it was found that EASs were not merely positive versions of EMSs falling on the same continua. Louis et al [ 48 ] showed statistically that EMSs and EASs were independent but related constructs. Given that they are independent constructs, the emergence of a complimentary set of second-order structures provides two distinct lenses through which to view core emotional needs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Model of Core Emotional Needs and Toxic Experiences: Their Links with Schema Domains, Well-Being, and Ill-Being

Louis,

Lockwood,

Louis

2024

Behavioral Sciences

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This study examined the second-order schema domains of Early Maladaptive and Adaptive Schemas based on recent trends and compared them with the five theoretical second-order schema domains commonly used in schema therapy. Using six international Eastern and Western community samples—Singapore (n = 628), Malaysia (n = 229), USA (n = 396), South Africa (n = 390), Nigeria (n = 364), India (n = 306)—confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four second-order domains of EMSs and EASs, which ran almost parallel with each other, were the most robust models calling into question the validity of the five domain model. Given the hypothesized links between schemas and needs, these four categories of EMSs and EASs represent four categories of toxic experiences and core emotional needs, respectively. These categories were supported empirically and are useful to parents as well as to clinicians as they approach child rearing and the treatment of clients in schema therapy from the vantage point of needs. These four categories of psychological core emotional needs, as well as toxic experiences, were found, as expected, to be linked with various measures of well-being and ill-being.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Model of Core Emotional Needs and Toxic Experiences: Their Links with Schema Domains, Well-Being, and Ill-Being

Louis,

Lockwood,

Louis

2024

Behavioral Sciences

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Early adaptive schemas, emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility in eating disorders: subtype specific predictors of eating disorder symptoms using hierarchical linear regression

Mitchell,

Huckstepp,

Allen

et al. 2024

Eat Weight Disord

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Purpose Understanding how early adaptive schemas, cognitive flexibility, and emotional regulation influence eating disorder (ED) symptoms, and whether this differs across diagnostic subtypes is critical to optimising treatment. The current study investigated the relationship between these variables and ED symptomology in individuals self-reporting an ED diagnosis and healthy controls. Methods A dataset of 1576 online survey responses yielded subsamples for anorexia nervosa (n = 155), bulimia nervosa (n = 55), binge eating disorder (n = 33), other specified feeding or eating disorder (n = 93), and healthy participants (n = 505). The hierarchical linear regression analysis included Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 Global Score as the dependent variable; Young Positive Schema Questionnaire, Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory subscale scores as the independent variables; and demographic measures as the covariates. Results The number of significant predictors varied considerably by ED sub-group. Amongst the anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and healthy subsamples, the adaptive schema Self-Compassion and Realistic Expectations was associated with lower ED symptom severity. In comparison, age and body mass index were the strongest predictors for binge eating disorder, whilst the Expressive Suppression (a subscale of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire) was the strongest predictor for other specified feeding or eating disorders. Conclusion Early adaptive schemas, cognitive flexibility, and emotional regulation vary across ED subtype, suggesting the need for tailored treatment that disrupts the self-reinforcing cycle of ED psychopathology. Future research investigating how early adaptive schemas may predict or be associated with treatment response across diagnostic subtypes is needed. Level of evidence: Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time-series with or without the intervention, such as case studies.

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Working in the Dark? Exploring the Relationship Between the Dark Triad and Early Maladaptive Schemas

Judith Ray,

Fritzon

2024

Trends in Psychol.

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Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) may contribute to the Dark Triad’s (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy) dysfunctional workplace outcomes. EMS — the core concept of Schema Therapy — are entrenched emotional, cognitive, memories, and physiological patterns that form during early life in response to unmet needs and elaborate throughout life. As the workplace can involve hierarchy and power, EMS may be potentially reinforced in this context. This novel study aimed to explore the relationships between EMS and the Dark Triad facets within a working sample. The study also examined whether the Dark Triad facets yield distinct relationships with EMSs. The sample (N = 210) reported working ≥ 20 h per week in paid- or full-time role in private and public sectors. Participants completed an online self-report survey comprising the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form-Third Edition, Five Factor Narcissism Inventory-Short Form (Antagonism and Extraversion facets), Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory (Planfulness, Antagonism and Agency facets), and Corporate Psychopathy Inventory-Revised (Boldness, Ruthlessness, and Interpersonal Dominance facets). Zero-order correlations indicated that all Dark Triad facets significantly and positively correlated with the Entitlement/Grandiosity, Unrelenting Standards, and Punitiveness EMSs. Most Dark Triad facets positively correlated with Approval/Recognition Seeking and Mistrust/Abuse EMSs. The Entitlement/Grandiosity EMS demonstrated the strongest positive correlation with most Dark Triad facets. The results suggest that those with elevated Dark Triad traits in the working sample share a similar cognitive and emotional worldview (i.e., EMS) that may activate in the workplace context. Expanding this research could inform a ‘Dark’ Schema Workplace model and Schema Therapy interventions to potentially reduce the Dark Triad’s dysfunctional workplace outcomes.

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Positive Schemas: Replication, Associations With Negative Schemas, and the Dark Triad

Cited by 3 publications

References 56 publications

A Model of Core Emotional Needs and Toxic Experiences: Their Links with Schema Domains, Well-Being, and Ill-Being

A Model of Core Emotional Needs and Toxic Experiences: Their Links with Schema Domains, Well-Being, and Ill-Being

Early adaptive schemas, emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility in eating disorders: subtype specific predictors of eating disorder symptoms using hierarchical linear regression

Working in the Dark? Exploring the Relationship Between the Dark Triad and Early Maladaptive Schemas

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