Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.

Olds, James L.; Milner, Peter M.

doi:10.1037/h0058775

Cited by 2,631 publications

(1,117 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

1,030

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A related case of a brain hedonic substrate that may fail after all to live up to its name may be so-called brain pleasure electrodes in limbic sites (Hernandez et al 2006;Kringelbach et al 2007a;Olds and Milner 1954;Fig. 7).…”

Section: Dopamine-beyond Learning Too?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Originally discovered in rats and conceived as activating pleasure centers in the brain (Olds 1956), recent reappraisal have been prompted by observations that such electrodes may cause increased 'wanting' without 'liking' for rewards, similar to dopamine (Berridge 2003b;Green et al 2008;Kringelbach 2008;Kringelbach et al 2007b;Smith et al 2008). Brain stimulation electrodes are vigorously selfstimulated by rats in structures such as lateral hypothalamus, septum, accumbens, or the medial forebrain bundle (Olds and Milner 1954;Shizgal et al 2001) and often simultaneously motivate animals to eat, drink, engage in sex, etc. (Hoebel 1988;Valenstein et al 1970).…”

Section: Dopamine-beyond Learning Too?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared between humans and other animals. Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics regarding pleasure mechanisms and explicitly compare humans and animals. Conclusion Topics surveyed include liking, wanting, and learning components of reward; brain coding versus brain causing of reward; subjective pleasure versus objective hedonic reactions; roles of orbitofrontal cortex and related cortex regions; subcortical hedonic hotspots for pleasure generation; reappraisals of dopamine and pleasure-electrode controversies; and the relation of pleasure to happiness.

show abstract

Section: Dopamine-beyond Learning Too?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dopamine-beyond Learning Too?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In self-stimulation studies, experimental animals perform an operant response to electrically stimulate a specific brain region (Olds and Milner, 1954). Positioning the electrode within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or DA projections (mesostriatal pathway) to the NAc produces the most reliable intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) response rate (Wise, 1996).…”

Section: Overview Of Animal Models Of Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

Williams

Adinoff²

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

160

138

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Central nervous system cholinergic neurons arise from several discrete sources, project to multiple brain regions, and exert specific effects on reward, learning, and memory. These processes are critical for the development and persistence of addictive disorders. Although other neurotransmitters, including dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin, have been the primary focus of drug research to date, a growing preclinical literature reveals a critical role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the experience and progression of drug use. This review will present and integrate the findings regarding the role of ACh in drug dependence, with a primary focus on cocaine and the muscarinic ACh system. Mesostriatal ACh appears to mediate reinforcement through its effect on reward, satiation, and aversion, and chronic cocaine administration produces neuroadaptive changes in the striatum. ACh is further involved in the acquisition of conditional associations that underlie cocaine self-administration and context-dependent sensitization, the acquisition of associations in conditioned learning, and drug procurement through its effects on arousal and attention. Long-term cocaine use may induce neuronal alterations in the brain that affect the ACh system and impair executive function, possibly contributing to the disruptions in decision making that characterize this population. These primarily preclinical studies suggest that ACh exerts a myriad of effects on the addictive process and that persistent changes to the ACh system following chronic drug use may exacerbate the risk of relapse during recovery. Ultimately, ACh modulation may be a potential target for pharmacological treatment interventions in cocaine-addicted subjects. However, the complicated neurocircuitry of the cholinergic system, the multiple ACh receptor subtypes, the confluence of excitatory and inhibitory ACh inputs, and the unique properties of the striatal cholinergic interneurons suggest that a precise target of cholinergic manipulation will be required to impact substance use in the clinical population.

show abstract

“…At the neurophysiological level, modern investigators usually neglected specialized sensory-motor circuitry in studying learning in favor of looking for central, more general reward pathways and memory locations, where progress has been slower. Thus, although Lashley (1950) began looking for the learning engram in the 1920s and Olds and Milner (1954) established the possibility of a common brain substrate of reinforcement in the 1950s, the most rapid progress in studying the neurophysiology of learning has come in the analysis of specialized circuitry, such as that as found in rabbit eyelid conditioning (Steinmetz and Thompson, 1991). In terms of evolution, comparative research in the general-process tradition has been forced toward the 'protoevolutionary' (Timberlake and Hoffman, 1998), that is, based on the scaling of unrelated species according to their ability to perform on standardized problems rather than on tracing the natural selection of learning among phylogenetically related and/or ecologically convergent species.…”

Section: General-process Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating niche-related and general process approaches in the study of learning

Timberlake

2001

Behavioural Processes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For nearly a century the experimental analysis of learning in animals has been divided into niche-related and general-process approaches, each emphasizing different procedures and conceptual strategies. After considering several current forms of rapprochement, I outline evidence for the integrative hypothesis that niche-related learning provides the basis for results in traditional general-process learning paradigms. Although the full ramifications of this view are not developed here, its advantages include: a clearer relation between laboratory and field results; conceptual and pragmatic guidance in developing new paradigms, and applying old ones to different species and circumstances; clarification of the laws, limits, and anomalies in general-process paradigms; and a more efficient path for inter-relating the study of learning with neurophysiology, genetics, and evolution.

show abstract

Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.

Cited by 2,631 publications

References 10 publications

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

The Role of Acetylcholine in Cocaine Addiction

Integrating niche-related and general process approaches in the study of learning

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About