Positive patch test reactions to oxidized limonene: exposure and relevance

Christensson, Johanna Bråred; Andersen, Klaus Ejner; Bruze, Magnus; Johansen, Jeanne Duus; García-Bravo, Begoñá; Giménez‐Arnau, Ana M.; Goh, C. J.; Nixon, Rosemary; White, Ian R.

doi:10.1111/cod.12285

Cited by 35 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Investigations of clinical relevance of positive reactions among the patients identified rinse‐off products and essential oils as the most common sources of exposure to geraniol and citral (Table ). Although a small sample, this is in accordance with other studies on oxidized fragrance terpenes . In the European Union regulation, geraniol and citral are included in a group of 26 fragrance chemicals that must be labeled on cosmetic products in the European Union when used in concentrations greater than 10 ppm in leave‐on products and greater than 100 ppm in rinse‐off products, according to the Cosmetics Regulation .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Contact allergy to citral and its constituents geranial and neral, coupled with reactions to the prehapten and prohapten geraniol

et al. 2019

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Background: Citral is commonly used as a fragrance and flavor material and consists of the aldehydes geranial and neral. Citral is included in fragrance mix (FM) II. Geranial and neral have also been identified in autoxidation of geraniol, a fragrance compound present in FM I.Objectives: To study contact allergy to citral, geranial, and neral, and concomitant reactivity to oxidized geraniol and fragrance markers of the baseline series.Methods: A total of 1476 dermatitis patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested using geranial, neral, and citral, all 3.5% petrolatum (pet.) as well as geraniol 6.0% and oxidized geraniol 11% pet. in addition to the Swedish baseline series.Results: Frequencies of positive reactions to citral, geranial, and neral were 2.9%, 3.4% and 1.9%, respectively. Together, citral and geranial gave 4.2% positive patch test reactions in consecutive dermatitis patients. In patients with positive reactions to citral or its components, 25% to 34% reacted to FM II and 61% reacted to oxidized geraniol.Conclusions: Patch testing with citral, its components, or oxidized geraniol detects contact allergic reactions not detected using the baseline series. Patch testing with pure geraniol was shown to be of little value. Geranial and neral, although closely chemically related, are concluded to be separate haptens. K E Y W O R D Sallergic contact dermatitis,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Contact allergy to citral and its constituents geranial and neral, coupled with reactions to the prehapten and prohapten geraniol

et al. 2019

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“…The high frequencies of reactions to oxidized fragrance compounds in clinical testing have turned the focus to potential haptens that are formed by air oxidation from far less sensitizing materials. The clinical relevance of these reactions has been discussed, and it has been shown that the patients, if questioned, will, in many cases, be using a product containing the mother compound on the dermatitis areas . For many individuals, the dermatitis will clear when such exposure is terminated .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact allergy to oxidized geraniol among Swedish dermatitis patients—A multicentre study by the Swedish Contact Dermatitis Research Group

et al. 2018

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“…In 14 patients, occupational contact dermatitis caused by limonene was determined [107]. Additionally, Christensson and co-workers [108] summarized clinical data on 2900 patch tested patients with dermatitis in Australia, Denmark, United Kingdom, Singapore, Spain and Sweden. The results showed that 149 patients reacted positive to oxidized limonene.…”

Section: Limonenementioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oils and Their Single Compounds in Cosmetics—A Critical Review

2018

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Essential oils are widely incorporated in cosmetic products, perfumes and related household products due to the variety of their properties but mainly due to their pleasant odour. The composition of these volatile natural complex mixtures may vary depending on the quality of plant material from which they were obtained and the extraction method by which they were derived. These factors are also important in ensuring the safe use of essential oils in personal care products. As they contain compounds with varied chemical structure and effects, skin sensitivity and irritations as well as other symptoms may arise after their application. Although essential oils are considered as safe and nontoxic when used at low concentrations, available scientific literature indicates that essential oils and their compounds may possess a strong allergy potential. This review focuses on side effects and allergy contact dermatitis caused by selected essential oils and their single compounds in cosmetic products, summarizing data from the most recent scientific literature.

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Positive patch test reactions to oxidized limonene: exposure and relevance

Abstract: Oxidized R-limonene is a common fragrance allergen, and limonene was frequently found in the labelling on the patients' products, and assessed as relevant for the patients' dermatitis. A large number of domestic and occupational sources for contact with R-limonene were identified.

Cited by 35 publications

References 39 publications

Contact allergy to citral and its constituents geranial and neral, coupled with reactions to the prehapten and prohapten geraniol

Contact allergy to citral and its constituents geranial and neral, coupled with reactions to the prehapten and prohapten geraniol

Contact allergy to oxidized geraniol among Swedish dermatitis patients—A multicentre study by the Swedish Contact Dermatitis Research Group

Essential Oils and Their Single Compounds in Cosmetics—A Critical Review

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