Positive and negative social influences and crime acceleration during the transition from childhood to adolescence: The interplay of risk and protective factors

Abstract

These results support a risk model in which positive and negative social influences accumulate to determine a person's propensity for future offending. This propensity can be reduced by encouraging positive influences and discouraging negative ones during the child-to-adolescent transition.

Building Blocks of Resilience: Applications for Justice Involved Youth

“…These processes can provide positive developmental outcomes despite exposure to risk. Studies have shown that intervention and rehabilitative programs that have incorporated a resiliency framework and those that have additionally used the methods of one or all of its associated models experience positive results in terms of youth's perspectives, access to resources, and overall support systems (Sanders et al, 2016;Silva et al, 2019;Walters, 2018).…”

“…The concept of resilience should not be a sole factor that can sometimes positively affect a single adversity but one that is ill-suited to mitigate any culmination of future hardships. Instead, resilience should be supported by the process of accessing a variety of skills and resources that can not only help reduce the effects of negative experiences in the present but can also be drawn upon in the future (also see Beutel et al, 2017;Boden et al, 2018;Booth & Neil, 2017;Ledesma, 2014;Silva et al, 2019;Van Breda, 2018;Walters, 2018;Zimmerman, 2013). Barrett and Katsiyannis (2017) conclude that schools, agencies, and policymakers should not overestimate a youth's ability to withstand social, economic, and intra-personal challenges alone.…”

“…Studies have shown that intervention and rehabilitative programs that have incorporated a resiliency framework and critical components of its associated models, such as protective and promotive factors, experience positive results. (Munford & Lienbenberg, 2016;Silva et al, 2019;Walters, 2018). This has been demonstrated by challenging goal-orientated activities and supports to build self-esteem and other skills, as seen in wilderness and adventure-based programming, within the challenge model (Booth & Neill, 2017;Merenda & Argueta, 2018).…”

“…Current research has demonstrated that this can be further accomplished by incorporating the concepts of various associated models based on resilience theory, which can assist juveniles in overcoming environmental and social adversities. (Beutel et al, 2017;Boden et al, 2018;Booth & Neil, 2017;Ledesma, 2014;Silva et al, 2019;Van Breda, 2018;Walters, 2018).…”

Understanding factors predicting violent recidivism

“…Lastly, recent developments in violent risk assessment highlighted that on top of risk factors that contributed to violent recidivism, it was also important to emphasize the protective factors that were associated with recidivism reduction and positive community outcomes . Studies found protective and risk factors to influence criminal behavior independently and further highlighted that positive influences were likely to have a greater impact on criminal behavior than the negative (Walters, 2018). These findings thus suggested the need to incorporate protective factors into the understanding of violent recidivism.…”