Positive and negative opinion modeling: The influence of another's similarity and dissimilarity.

Hilmert, Clayton J.; Kulik, James A.; Christenfeld, Nicholas

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.440

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…success and prestige biases; [35,53]), filtering mechanisms to assess the accuracy of information and sincerity of models (e.g. credibility enhancing displays; [54]), personal relevance of culture [55] and biases toward certain content (e.g. dangerous animals [56], the edibility of plants [57], fire [58] and gossip [59]).…”

Section: (A) the Evolution Of Cultural Brainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovation in the collective brain

Muthukrishna

Henrich

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

241

265

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One contribution of 15 to a theme issue 'Innovation in animals and humans: understanding the origins and development of novel and creative behaviour'. Innovation is often assumed to be the work of a talented few, whose products are passed on to the masses. Here, we argue that innovations are instead an emergent property of our species' cultural learning abilities, applied within our societies and social networks. Our societies and social networks act as collective brains. We outline how many human brains, which evolved primarily for the acquisition of culture, together beget a collective brain. Within these collective brains, the three main sources of innovation are serendipity, recombination and incremental improvement. We argue that rates of innovation are heavily influenced by (i) sociality, (ii) transmission fidelity, and (iii) cultural variance. We discuss some of the forces that affect these factors. These factors can also shape each other. For example, we provide preliminary evidence that transmission efficiency is affected by sociality-languages with more speakers are more efficient. We argue that collective brains can make each of their constituent cultural brains more innovative. This perspective sheds light on traits, such as IQ, that have been implicated in innovation. A collective brain perspective can help us understand otherwise puzzling findings in the IQ literature, including group differences, heritability differences and the dramatic increase in IQ test scores over time.

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Section: (A) the Evolution Of Cultural Brainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovation in the collective brain

Muthukrishna

Henrich

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

241

265

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“…Similarity may be based on physical traits, personality variables, or shared beliefs and attitudes (Stotland, 1969). Indeed, the likelihood of learning increases when models are of the same sex (Andsager, Bemker, Choi, & Torwel, 2006), race (Ito, Kalyanaraman, Brown, & Miller, 2008), or skill level (Meichenbaum, 1971), as well as when models demonstrate similar opinions (Hilmert, Kulik, & Christenfeld, 2006) or previous behaviors (Andsager et al, 2006).…”

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Self-Modeling: The Effects of Vicarious Reinforcement and Identification on Exercise Behaviors

2009

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Social cognitive theory is often implemented when researchers develop treatments and campaigns for health behavior change. Immersive virtual environment technology (IVET) enables novel explorations of health behavior modeling. In Study 1, participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: vicarious reinforcement, in which a virtual representation of the physical self (VRS) gained or lost weight in accordance with participants' physical exercise; an unchanging VRS; or no virtual representation. The reinforcement group performed significantly more exercise in a voluntary phase than those in other conditions. Study 2 separated reward (weight loss) from punishment (weight gain) and also explored model identification by contrasting the effects of a VRS with a VRO (virtual representation of an other); participants exercised significantly more when they viewed the VRS, regardless of whether reward or punishment was shown. In Study 3, participants were exposed to either a VRS running on a treadmill, a VRO running, or a VRS loitering, and we examined effects 24 hours after the experiment. Follow-up surveys revealed that participants in the VRS-running condition demonstrated significantly higher levels of exercise than those in other conditions. We discuss implications for media use and health communication.Social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1977(Bandura, , 2001) describes the power of a model demonstrating a behavior to encourage modeling by an observer. Several factors, including the similarity of the model, the observer's perceived ability to perform the behavior, and the rewards and punishments associated with

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“…In general, similarity in general background as well as more specific forms of model-observer similarity significantly improve the likelihood of emulation. For instance, perceived similarity in general background is positively associated with the liking and likelihood of emulation of musical models (Hilmert et al, 2006) and models with skills of interest (Rosekrans, 1967). Moreover, the specific forms of similarity in models also positively contributes to the likelihood of emulation; individuals are more likely to emulate behaviors of same-gender models (Kobasigawa, 1968; Wolf, 1973) or similar-aged models (Hicks, 1965; Kornhaber and Schroeder, 1975; Becker and Glidden, 1979) than opposite-gender, or older or younger models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attainable and Relevant Moral Exemplars Are More Effective than Extraordinary Exemplars in Promoting Voluntary Service Engagement

et al. 2017

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The present study aimed to develop effective moral educational interventions based on social psychology by using stories of moral exemplars. We tested whether motivation to engage in voluntary service as a form of moral behavior was better promoted by attainable and relevant exemplars or by unattainable and irrelevant exemplars. First, experiment 1, conducted in a lab, showed that stories of attainable exemplars more effectively promoted voluntary service activity engagement among undergraduate students compared with stories of unattainable exemplars and non-moral stories. Second, experiment 2, a middle school classroom-level experiment with a quasi-experimental design, demonstrated that peer exemplars, who are perceived to be attainable and relevant to students, better promoted service engagement compared with historic figures in moral education classes.

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Positive and negative opinion modeling: The influence of another's similarity and dissimilarity.

Cited by 35 publications

References 55 publications

Innovation in the collective brain

Innovation in the collective brain

Virtual Self-Modeling: The Effects of Vicarious Reinforcement and Identification on Exercise Behaviors

Attainable and Relevant Moral Exemplars Are More Effective than Extraordinary Exemplars in Promoting Voluntary Service Engagement

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