Positive and negative chemotaxis of enzyme-coated liposome motors

Somasundar, Ambika; Ghosh, Subhadip; Mohajerani, Farzad; Massenburg, Lynnicia; Yang, Tinglu; Cremer, Paul S.; Velegol, Darrell; Sen, Ayusman

doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0578-8

Cited by 171 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Thus, entire libraries of enzyme/biomolecule (engine/fuel) combinations could be designed for specific on-demand applications. [35][36][37] Enzymes used in catalytic nanomotors include urease, [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] acetylcholine esterase, [44] glucose-oxidase, [39,44,45] lipase, [46] catalase, [39,42,[47][48][49][50] and combinations thereof, all which can induce propulsion of various nano-and/or microparticles. Nevertheless, the use of enzymepowered nanomotors in vivo demands additional application requirements beyond biocompatibility and fuel bioavailability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a very recent and pioneering example, Sen and co-workers coupled enzymes onto the outer layer of liposomes, observing self-propulsion and chemotactic behavior in the resultant conjugates. [41,42] The surface enzymes were sensitive to surrounding ionic gradients, and the direction of motion of the resultant nanomotors depended on the Hoffmeister series. The work by Sen and co-workers provided a foundation for using liposomes as chassis for enzyme-nanomotors; however, they did not explore encapsulation as an enzyme-protection strategy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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LipoBots: Using Liposomal Vesicles as Protective Shell of Urease‐Based Nanomotors

Hortelão

García-Jimeno

Cano‐Sarabia

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Developing self-powered nanomotors made of biocompatible and functional components is of paramount importance in future biomedical applications. Herein, the functional features of LipoBots (LBs) composed of a liposomal carrier containing urease enzymes for propulsion, including their protective properties against acidic conditions and their on-demand triggered activation, are reported. Given the functional nature of liposomes, enzymes can be either encapsulated or coated on the surface of the vesicles. The influence of the location of urease on motion dynamics is first studied, finding that the surface-urease LBs undergo self-propulsion whereas the encapsulatedurease LBs do not. However, adding a percolating agent present in the bile salts to the encapsulated-urease LBs triggers active motion. Moreover, it is found that when both types of nanomotors are exposed to a medium of similar pH found in the stomach, the surface-urease LBs lose activity and motion capabilities, while the encapsulated-urease LBs retain activity and mobility. The results for the protection enzyme activity through encapsulation within liposomes and in situ triggering of the motion of LBs upon exposure to bile salts may open new avenues for the use of liposome-based nanomotors in drug delivery, for example, in the gastrointestinal tract, where bile salts are naturally present in the intestine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LipoBots: Using Liposomal Vesicles as Protective Shell of Urease‐Based Nanomotors

Hortelão

García-Jimeno

Cano‐Sarabia

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Lately, biocatalytic micro/nanomotors [127][128][129] driven by the enzyme catalysis have emerged as biocompatible alternatives to avoid the toxicity of those artificial micro/nanomotors with most commonly used chemical fuels. The autonomous motion of these micro/nanomotors is motivated by the biocatalytic reactions generated by the related enzymes such as catalase and urease, and is manipulated directionally and trajectorially by further endowing the micro/nanomotors with sophisticated Figure 11.…”

Section: Enzyme-powered Micro/nanomotorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also different enzymes resulted in distinct positive and negative chemotactic movement, which could be further governed by their interactions with the surrounding solute gradients. [127] Controllable autonomous behavior of the micro/ nanomotors in a biofluid medium or living systems would be more attractive. van Hest and co-workers [140] constructed a selfregulated and temporal control of "breathing" microgel, utilizing urease to program a feedback-induced pH change and in turn to tune the parameters of the microgel such as size switch and fluorescence intensity, eventually leading to tunable autonomous properties of the microgel.…”

Section: Enzyme-powered Micro/nanomotorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Motion Control of Micro/Nanomotors

Yang

Zhong

et al. 2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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Micro/nanomotors are able to convert energy in different forms into propulsion and movement with predesigned directions and velocities, enabling them to be self‐propelled carriers and vehicles for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other biomedical cargos to the target sites such as tumors. However, the inadequate energy and noncontrollable moving directions remain the grand challenges for their promising applications. Recently, an increasing attention has been paid to these issues and numerous reported researches have focused to design and develop more efficient and precisely controllable micro/nanomotors with different methods. This review aims to summarize those studies and to introduce newly developed micro/nanomotors including synthetic micro/nanomotors and biohybrid motors, discussing the control mechanisms as well as advantages and limitations thereof. Conclusions and future perspectives are also provided in brief.

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“…Recently, Sen et al. proposed that an interplay existed between enzyme‐catalysis‐induced positive chemotaxis and solute–phospholipid‐based negative chemotaxis for liposomes coated with enzyme in microfluidic channels . CAT‐coated liposomes performed positive chemotaxis in a gradient of H 2 O 2 as a substrate.…”

Section: Enzyme‐powered Micro‐/nanomotorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocatalytic Micro‐ and Nanomotors

Hermanová

Pumera

2020

Chemistry A European J

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Enzyme‐powered micro‐ and nanomotors are tiny devices inspired by nature that utilize enzyme‐triggered chemical conversion to release energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substrate (fuel) to actuate it into active motion. Compared with conventional chemical micro‐/nanomotors, these devices are particularly attractive because they self‐propel by utilizing biocompatible fuels, such as glucose, urea, glycerides, and peptides. They have been designed with functional material constituents to efficiently perform tasks related to active targeting, drug delivery and release, biosensing, water remediation, and environmental monitoring. Because only a small number of enzymes have been exploited as bioengines to date, a new generation of multifunctional, enzyme‐powered nanorobots will emerge in the near future to selectively search for and utilize water contaminants or disease‐related metabolites as fuels. This Minireview highlights recent progress in enzyme‐powered micro‐ and nanomachines.

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Positive and negative chemotaxis of enzyme-coated liposome motors

Cited by 171 publications

References 47 publications

LipoBots: Using Liposomal Vesicles as Protective Shell of Urease‐Based Nanomotors

LipoBots: Using Liposomal Vesicles as Protective Shell of Urease‐Based Nanomotors

Recent Advances in Motion Control of Micro/Nanomotors

Biocatalytic Micro‐ and Nanomotors

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