Position adjustment–based location error–resilient geo‐opportunistic routing for void hole avoidance in underwater sensor networks

Abstract

Summary This paper presents four routing protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs): Location Error–resilient Transmission Range adjustment–based protocol (LETR), Mobile Sink–based GEographic and Opportunistic Routing (MSGER), Mobile Sink–based LETR (MSLETR), and Modified MSLETR (MMS‐LETR). LETR considers transmission range levels for finding neighbor nodes. If a node fails to find any neighbor node within its defined maximum transmission range level, it recovers from communication void regions using depth adjustment technology. MSGER and MSLETR avoid depth and transmission range adjustment and overcome the problem of communication void regions using MSs, whereas MMS‐LETR takes into account noise attenuation at various depth levels, elimination of retransmissions using multi‐path communication and load balancing. The performance of our proposed protocols is evaluated through simulations using different parameters. The simulation results show that MSS‐LETR supersedes all counterpart schemes in terms of packet loss ratio. LETR significantly improves network performance in terms of energy consumption, packet loss ratio, fraction of void nodes, and the total amount of depth adjustment.

Avoiding Void Holes and Collisions with Reliable and Interference-Aware Routing in Underwater WSNs

“…The movement speed of a node was 1–3 m/s. In vertical direction, the movement of node was usually small, thus negligible [ 34 , 35 ]. The simulation parameters are listed in Table 3 .…”

Towards Void Hole Alleviation by Exploiting the Energy Efficient Path and by Providing the Interference-Free Proactive Routing Protocols in IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs

“…In this subsection, the energy efficient routing protocols are discussed with their achievements, challenges and limitations. In [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21], the energy efficient routing protocols are proposed. In the papers [8,10,11,16,17,18,21], authors worked on reliability of Data Packets (DP) from the source node to the destination node.…”

“…The energy effective routing is enhanced by the authors in [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. In return, the lifetime of the network is improved.…”

“…In both protocols, EC is minimized with enhanced PDR. Moreover, dynamic topology is supposed by the authors in [9], while, in [14], the error resilient network topology is designed for the communication process. However, EC is a bit high due to certain computations.…”

Special Issue on Cloud of Things Applications

“…Wireless sensor networks (SNs) came up with hundreds of IoT applications. Shah et al focused on underwater SNs to develop IoT applications like harbor monitoring and oceanographic data collection. Then, the authors proposed geo‐opportunistic routing algorithms for void hole avoidance using transmission range and depth adjustment technology.…”