Portrait drawing by Paul the robot

Robotic Arts: Current Practices, Potentials, and Implications

“…Perhaps, it is one of the most basic communication tools for people even prior to obtaining formal language. Artists and researchers have made drawing robots, e.g., [18][19][20] or used robots for drawing e.g., [21]. For drawing or painting, at least, two physical components are involved: observation (sensing in robotics) and drawing/painting (manipulation in robotics).…”

“…To make creative artworks, students or apprentices need deliberate practice and systematic training with good teachers [22]. To make this happen in robotic arts, researchers and artists have made a feedback system to make the process a closed loop ( [5,[18][19][20], e.g., using a neural network based learning model). As a result, the drawings that robots have produced seem to provide comparable emotional, aesthetic, and artistic effects on the observer.…”

“…The results of ArtSBot look pretty much like Pollock's artworks. One interesting, relevant note is that researchers and artists acknowledge that randomness (or even mistakes) provides an opportunity of "unique experience" or even aura of robotic arts as much as in human artworks [18]. Thus, an interesting intellectual experiment could be conducted to test whether the same robot is able to create the same masterpiece if the object (or the topic) is the same under the same environmental factors.…”

“…(Kosuth, 1969 cited in [23]). It is questionable if these drawing robots are capable of concept (i.e., meaning) making in this sense given that current robots do not have high level domain knowledge of the structures of the objects or the capability of learning expertise based on experience as people would from examples above [18,19,21]. For example, a drawing robot, Paul can detect/follow human face and draw it (syntax), but it does not know/process the meaning of the human face (semantics).…”

Trajectory Planning and Tracking Control of a Differential-Drive Mobile Robot in a Picture Drawing Application

“…A transitional x-y plotter has limits in terms of work space and becomes more expensive for large work sizes. Most portrait drawing robots/humanoid robots make use of multi-degrees of freedom for robot arms [2][3][4][5]. However, it may be too costly to use a robot arm in drawing a picture or portrait.…”