“…The services they provide comprise citizen-aware intelligent environments and user-centric services, such as smart homes and smart buildings, smart energy, smart mobility, smart parking, and smart health and well-being, which between them are intended to improve efficiency, lower resource consumption and promote quality of life for citizens via, as ever, speedy or real-time performance feedback and experimental improvement. Smart cities promise rational and renewable energy use (Sakano, 2019;Seixas et al, 2019), managed traffic (Rehena and Janssen, 2019;Townsend, 2014, 204-205), strategic healthcare targeted to entire populations equally, and taking into account prevention as well as cure (Miranda et al, 2019), industrial competitiveness and economic growth (Chun et al, 2019). Smart homes allow for individuals to control their own environments to their own satisfaction, whether in terms of comfort, or of behaving in a particularly ideological way, such as minimising a personal carbon footprint.…”