Portable Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Monitoring Traffic Density

Fridrich, Michael; Fajkus, Marcel; Mec, Pavel; Nedoma, Jan; Kostelanský, Michal; Bednar, Emil

doi:10.3390/app9224796

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A special type of fiber optic sensors are Bragg gratings. To detect vehicle passage and measure vehicle speed, these sensors can be installed in the road itself (invasively) [19] or they can be placed on the road surface for short-term noninvasive use [20]. Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) sensors are other widely used sensors in traffic flow monitoring.…”

Section: B Fiber Optic and Optical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PDMS-FBG-Based Fiber Optic System for Traffic Monitoring in Urban Areas

et al. 2020

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This article introduces fiber Bragg grating (FBG) system for monitoring selected traffic flow parameters in urban areas. The system is able to monitor traffic density or speed of cars driving in single lane. The proposed system consists of five Bragg gratings encapsulated in Polydimethylsiloxane polymer and is characterized by easy and inexpensive installation in the milled upper layer of the road covered with an asphalt mixture. The results of first operational tests presented in this study include 3978 passing vehicles of various specifications. The system's vehicle detection success rate is 99.62%. And further, a mean absolute error 1.35 kph and a relative error 2.62% when measuring vehicle speed.

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Section: B Fiber Optic and Optical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PDMS-FBG-Based Fiber Optic System for Traffic Monitoring in Urban Areas

et al. 2020

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“…Ground-based solutions can provide neat monitoring, management, and car classification. They are typically based on inductive and magnetic loops or may benefit from many sensing methods [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The sensing maps a measurable physical quantity into virtual data, creating a basis for computation, analytics, and adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a sensing part, anisotropic magneto-resistance [20], piezoelectricity [21,22], or hydro-electricity [23] are typically exploited. Alternative classes for on-road traffic control rely on embedded strain gauge [24], vibration [25], or fiber-optics [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coexistence between high-speed network and optical sensing platform is highly desired to keep both cost and complexity at low levels [36]. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) emerge as an attractive optical platform to form single-and multi-point sensor arrays [26,27,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. In FBGs, the reflected light adds constructively in the backward direction and creates a distinct narrowband drop in the transmission, while the rest of the light passes through the grating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural-Network-Optimized Vehicle Classification Using Clustered Image and Fiber-Sensor Datasets

Kamencay¹,

Benedikovič²,

Marković³

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Internet of Things (IoT) becomes indispensable for transport and automotive industry to advance functions in on-road traffic monitoring. Indeed, smart management tools and machine learning concepts are inevitable in vehicle categorization systems. However, existing systems are only built on individual platforms, and for a most part, the classification accuracy remains limited. In this work, these challenges are tackled by designing a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) that substantially improves on-road vehicle classification. In particular, we experimentally harness, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, two different datasets from separated technological platforms based on closecircuit television (CCTV) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, respectively. Standard neural networks in single FBG platform yield limited classification accuracy of only 34% -62% for AlexNet, 51% -77% for GoogleNet, 57% -78% for ResNet-50, and 59% -86% for ResNet-101. In contrast, hybrid CNN classification with individual CCTV and FBG datasets substantially improves detection levels, reaching inclass accuracy up to 90% -97%. Moreover, this classification concept includes an intrinsic back-up verification with respect to each platform compensating the shortcomings of individual technologies. Our demonstration can make key advances towards near-unity accuracy in vehicle classifications for IoT systems, capitalizing on cost-effective and well-established platforms.

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Silicon nitride chirped spiral Bragg grating with large group delay

Xiang

et al. 2020

APL Photonics

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As one of the most important optical filtering devices, Bragg gratings have been extensively used in various systems. A long Bragg grating is desired for many applications including frequency selection in semiconductor lasers and dispersion control for ultra-short pulses. As a prominent example, integrated spiral Bragg grating waveguides (SBGWs) have drawn much attention in the years. However, until now, the length of an integrated grating is still limited to a few milli-meters due to total waveguide loss. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a novel long chirped SBGW with waveguide loss as low as 0.05 dB/cm on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform. A 13.8 cm SBGW is fabricated, which is the longest on-chip waveguide grating reported so far. The SBGW’s reflection bandwidth is 9.2 nm from 1556.3 nm to 1565.5 nm, and it provides a total of 1440 ps group delay, that is, −156.5 ps/nm of dispersion. The group delay response shows great linearity and temperature stability. This integrated device holds great potential for various applications including in-line dispersion compensation, optical true delay phase array, and microwave photonics.

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Portable Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Monitoring Traffic Density

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

PDMS-FBG-Based Fiber Optic System for Traffic Monitoring in Urban Areas

PDMS-FBG-Based Fiber Optic System for Traffic Monitoring in Urban Areas

Neural-Network-Optimized Vehicle Classification Using Clustered Image and Fiber-Sensor Datasets

Silicon nitride chirped spiral Bragg grating with large group delay

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