Portable near infrared spectroscopy applied to fuel quality control

Abstract

Fuel quality control has gained interest in many countries owing to the potential damage of low-quality fuel to engines, the environment, and economy. Thus, the application of analytical techniques to verify quality control of fuels has become crucial. The portable micro-spectrometer in the near infrared region (microNIR) has gained credibility as a successful analytical technique in several quality control sectors. The possibility of real-time analysis using a nondestructive and reliable method is the main advantage of this methodology. In this work, chemometric models (PLS) were developed using microNIR data to determine the amount of biodiesel in diesel (LOD = 0.5wt%; LOQ = 1.8wt%; and RMSEP = 1.8wt%); sulfur in diesel (LOD = 2.4mgL; LOQ = 8.0mgL; and RMSEP = 13.2mgL); gasoline, ethanol, and methanol in C-type gasoline (LOD = 0.55wt%; LOQ = 1.84wt%; and RMSEP = 0.81wt%; LOD = 0.75wt%; LOQ = 2.5wt%; and RMSEP = 3.81wt%; and LOD = 0.85wt%; LOQ = 2.84wt%; and RMSEP = 1.80wt%); and water, methanol, and ethanol in ethanol-hydrated fuel (EHF) (LOD = 0.04wt%; LOQ = 1.29wt%; and RMSEP = 1.05wt%; LOD = 0.52wt%; LOQ = 1.73wt%; and RMSEP = 2.78wt%; and LOD = 1.22wt%; LOQ = 4.07wt%; and RMSEP = 4.41wt%). A total of 181 blends were prepared, with biodiesel and sulfur contents ranging from 0 to 100wt% and 10-500mgL, respectively. For gasoline blends, the gasoline, ethanol, and methanol contents ranged from 0.0 to 75.0wt%, 25.0-75.0wt%, and 0.0-50.0wt%, respectively. In the EHF control, the ethanol, water, and methanol contents ranged from 0.0 to 100.0wt%, 0.0-50.0wt%, and 0.0-50.0wt%, respectively. The proposed method presented high precision and accuracy in all cases, and the results showed that the microNIR technique had excellent performance in fuel quality control.

Biodiesel Synthesis Monitoring using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

“…When applied specifically to biodiesel analysis, methods based on MIR or NIR spectroscopy and PLS have been developed for biodiesel/diesel blends adulteration monitoring [6, 7, 32, 11, 15, 23, 27 -31], biodiesel quality or contaminants determination [13, 16, 33 -35], physical properties estimation, as density and viscosity [1,36,37], transesterification reaction monitoring [4, 5, 43, 44, 14, 18, 21, 38 -42] and quality determination of biodiesel/blends by portable infrared equipment measurements [20,45,46], demonstrating even its use for industrial application. Works based on transesterification monitoring are mainly focused on methyl esters [3,4,15,18,38,42,43], however, even methanol actually being short chain alcohol is used due to its low cost and high reactivity [44 -48].…”

Adulterating the quality of automotive gas oil using dual purpose kerosene: Effects on compression ignition engines, humans and environment

“…1. The automotive fuels are susceptible to adulteration, which lead to affect the engine, human being and the environment and hence adulteration must be monitored by authentic analytical techniques to avoid negative impacts (Abreu et al, 2015;Correia et al, 2018;de Oliveira et al, 2004;de Souza et al, 2014;Kalligeros et al, 2005;Mendes et al, 2017;Romanel et al, 2018;Silva et al, 2013;Squissato et al, 2018;Teixeira et al, 2008;Vempatapu and Kanaujia, 2017)…”

Mid- infrared uncooled sensor for the identification of pure fuel, additives and adulterants in gasoline

“…Blend octane (1) [4,6,11]. The fuel industry is constantly on the lookout for sensors to be used for insitu monitoring of fuel quality and adulteration detection.…”