Porphyry-Cu Deposits of Turkey

Kuşcu, İ̇lkay; Tosdal, Richard M.; Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu, Gonca

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_8

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…Due to the extensional tectonic regime in western Anatolia, the early-to-late Tertiary volcanic complexes (Elmadağ, İteciktepe, and Beydağı stratovolcanoes) outcrop close to Uşak (Figure 2; [11]). These Eocene to Miocene magmatic rocks and porphyry ore deposit belts (simplified from [12]).…”

Section: Geological and Lithological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An extensional tectonic regime was developed in the latest Oligocene-early Miocene (e.g., [5,6]), late Miocene (e.g., [7][8][9]), or early Pliocene onwards (e.g., [10]), that was responsible for magmatism and volcano-sedimentary basin development in western Anatolia (e.g., [11] and references therein). In western Anatolia, the Eocene to Miocene magmatism produced numerous porphyry intrusion-related hydrothermal deposits [12] within three main porphyry belts: in the Biga, Tavşanlı, and Afyon-Konya regions. The Kışladağ porphyry Au deposit, the subject of this study, is located in the Afyon-Konya porphyry belt (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Kışladağ porphyry Au deposit, the subject of this study, is located in the Afyon-Konya porphyry belt (Figure 1). showing Eocene to Miocene magmatic rocks and porphyry ore deposit belts (simplified from [12]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Kışladağ Porphyry Au Deposit, Western Turkey

et al. 2020

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The deposit occurs in a mid-Miocene monzonite magmatic complex represented by three different intrusions, namely Intrusion 1 (INT#1), Intrusion 2 (INT#2, INT #2A), and Intrusion 3 (INT#3). Gold mineralization is hosted in all intrusions, but INT#1 is the best mineralized body followed by INT#2. SEM-CL imaging has identified two different veins (V1 and V2) and four distinct generations of quartz formation in the different intrusions. These are: (i) CL-light gray, mosaic-equigranular quartz (Q1), (ii) CL-gray or CL-bright quartz (Q2) that dissolved and was overgrown on Q1, (iii) CL-dark and CL-gray growth zoned quartz (Q3), and (iv) CL-dark or CL-gray micro-fracture quartz fillings (Q4). Fluid inclusion studies show that the gold-hosted early phase Q1 quartz of V1 and V2 veins in INT#1 and INT#2 was precipitated at high temperatures (between 424 and 594 °C). The coexisting and similar ranges of Th values of vapor-rich (low salinity, from 1% to 7% NaCl equiv.) and halite-bearing (high salinity: >30% NaCl) fluid inclusions in Q1 indicates that the magmatic fluid had separated into vapor and high salinity liquid along the appropriate isotherm. Fluid inclusions in Q2 quartz in INT#1 and INT#2 were trapped at lower temperatures between 303 and 380 °C and had lower salinities between 3% and 20% NaCl equiv. The zoned Q3 quartz accompanied by pyrite in V2 veins of both INT#2 and INT#3 precipitated at temperatures between 310 and 373 °C with a salinity range from 5.4% to 10% NaCl eq. The latest generation of fracture filling Q4 quartz, cuts the earlier generations with fluid inclusion Th temperature range from 257 to 333 °C and salinity range from 3% to 12.5% NaCl equiv. The low salinity and low formation temperature of Q4 may be due to the mixing of meteoric water with the hydrothermal system, or late-stage epithermal overprinting. The separation of the magmatic fluid into vapor and aqueous saline pairs in the Q1 quartz of the V1 vein of the INT#1 and INT#2 and CO2-poor fluids indicates the shallow formation of the Kışladağ porphyry gold deposit.

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Section: Geological and Lithological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Kışladağ Porphyry Au Deposit, Western Turkey

et al. 2020

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“…Paleo-ve Neo-Tetis okyanusal havzaları, Paleozoyik ve Mezozoyik zamanlarında kuzeyde yer alan Lavrasya ve güneydeki Gondwana kıtalarının arasında açılan ve kapanan havzalardır [107]. Bu havzaların kapanması ile doğan mikro-kıtalar kolajının en önemli sonucu Tetis-Avrasya Metalojenik Kuşağı'dır (TAMK; Şekil 1a, [108,109] [108,110,111]. Bunlardan en önemlilerinden biri de Türkiye'nin kuzeydoğusunda yer alan ve dar bir Geç Kretase magmatik yay segmentinin kalıntılarını içeren Doğu Pontid Metalojenik Kuşağı'dır (DPMK).…”

Section: Bölgesel Jeolojiunclassified

Murgul ve Lahanos Volkanojenik Masif Sülfit (VMS) Cevherleşmelerinin Cevher Mineralojisi (KD Türkiye): Doğu Pontidlerin zıt uçlarında yer alan iki cevherleşmenin karşılaştırması

Akbulut

2020

Deu Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen Ve Muhendislik

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ÖzTürkiye'nin kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Doğu Pontid Metalojenik Kuşağı, volkanojenik masif sülfür cevherleşmelerini barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bölgenin doğu ve batı uçlarında yer alan Murgul ve Lahanos bakır yataklarının cevher mineralojileri karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Yeni veriler, her iki yatağın bölgedeki Üst Kretase yay volkanizmasının gelişimi sırasında iki farklı volkanik evre arasında gelişmiş deniz tabanı hidtotermal aktivitesinin ürünleri olduğunu desteklemektedir. Murgul yatağı bu tip sistemlerdeki saçınım ve stokvörk beslenme kanallarını, Lahanos yatağı ise reküranslar gösteren parajenezle karakterize denizaltı sülfür yığınlarını iyi şekilde temsil eder. Bu çalışmada adı geçen yataklardan verilen parajenetik bilgiler, ana cevherleşme evrelerinin zamanlaması ve/veya cevherleşme sonrası rejüvenasyon süreçlerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasında, ve bölgesel metalojenezik yap-bozun diğer eksik parçalarının tamamlanmasında yardımcı olacağı düşünülen ve daha sonrasına yönelik planlanan direkt cevherden radyometrik yaş çalışmaları ve cevher mineral kimyası çalışmaları için önemli bir altlık veri sağlamaktadır.

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“…The Biga Peninsula in northwestern Turkey is particularly rich in such deposits, with Fe skarns and Cu skarns being prominent [2][3][4][5]. Fe skarns are often associated with the regional Oligocene to Lower Miocene granitoids and often occur with porphyry copper or epithermal gold deposits [3,[6][7][8][9]. These skarns have a high iron content and may also display copper enrichment, especially in areas where magnetite undergoes alteration to hematite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

Kaya,

Kumral,

Yalçın

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The current study sought to investigate the physiochemical conditions and fluid evolution within the Yolindi Cu-Fe skarn mineralization located in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. This was accomplished through a comprehensive investigation of geological and mineralogical data, along with isotopic analyses of sulfur (δ34S), carbon (δ13C), and oxygen (δ18O) of sulfide and calcite minerals, respectively, as well as fluid inclusion data pertaining to various minerals (e.g., andradite, quartz, and calcite). The Yolindi area features a complex geological framework, including the Paleozoic Kalabak Group (which includes the Torasan, Yolindi, and Sazak formations) and the Triassic Karakaya Complex. These formations were subsequently intruded via Early Miocene Şaroluk granitoids and Hallaçlar volcanics. Skarn formation is zoned into endoskarn and exoskarn types (being categorized into proximal, intermediate, and distal zones), with distinct mineral assemblages indicating concentric and contact metamorphic alteration patterns around the western part of Şaroluk granitoid intrusion in contact with the Torasan formation. The ore mineralogy and paragenesis suggest three distinct stages of evolution: an initial phase of prograde metasomatism characterized by the formation of magnetite and pyrite alongside anhydrous calc-silicate minerals; a subsequent phase of retrograde alteration marked by the formation of epidote, actinolite, and scapolite, accompanied by the occurrence of chalcopyrite and specular hematite; and finally, a post-metasomatic stage involving oxidation processes that led to the development of secondary mineral assemblages containing cerussite, covellite, and malachite. Sulfur isotopes (δ34S) of sulfides from endoskarn (from +0.27 to +0.57‰VCDT) to intermediate exoskarn (from −9.44 to −5.46‰VCDT) zones indicate a diverse sulfur source, including magmatic, sedimentary, and possibly organic matter. δ34S values in hydrothermal fluids suggest a magmatic–hydrothermal origin, with endoskarn and proximal zone fluids showing a slight negative signature and intermediate zone fluids indicating a strong influence from organic-rich or metamorphic sulfur reservoirs. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ18O) of calcite revealed a progression from marine carbonate signatures in marble samples (from +1.89 to +2.23‰VPDB; from +21.61 to +21.73‰VSMOW) to depleted values in prograde (from −6.0 to +0.09‰VPDB; from +6.22 to +18.14‰VSMOW) and retrograde skarns (from −3.8 to −2.25‰VPDB; from +0.94 to +3.62‰VSMOW), reflecting interactions with high-temperature magmatic fluids and meteoric water mixing. The fluid inclusions in prograde minerals generated under the conditions of fluid boiling exhibited high temperatures, reaching up to 412 °C, and salinities up to 26 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Conversely, the fluid inclusions in retrograde minerals, which were generated due to fluid mixing, exhibited lower temperatures (with an average of 318 °C) and salinities with an average of 4.9 wt.% NaCl equivalent. This indicated that the cooler and more diluted fluids mix with meteoric waters and interact with organic materials in the host rocks. This suggests a multifaceted origin involving various sources and processes. Therefore, this study concluded that the skarn mineralization in the Yolindi area resulted from complex interactions between magmatic, metamorphic, and meteoric fluids, reflecting a dynamic ore-forming environment with implications for the regional metallogeny of Cu-Fe skarn deposits.

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Porphyry-Cu Deposits of Turkey

Cited by 14 publications

References 167 publications

Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Kışladağ Porphyry Au Deposit, Western Turkey

Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Kışladağ Porphyry Au Deposit, Western Turkey

Murgul ve Lahanos Volkanojenik Masif Sülfit (VMS) Cevherleşmelerinin Cevher Mineralojisi (KD Türkiye): Doğu Pontidlerin zıt uçlarında yer alan iki cevherleşmenin karşılaştırması

Sulfur and Carbon–Oxygen Isotopic Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Yolindi Cu-Fe Skarn Mineralization, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: Implications for the Source and Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids

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