Porphyrin and Fullerene Covalently Functionalized Graphene Hybrid Materials with Large Nonlinear Optical Properties

Abstract

The nonlinear optical properties of two novel graphene nanohybrid materials covalently functionalized with porphyrin and fullerene were investigated by using the Z-scan technique at 532 nm in the nanosecond and picosecond time scale. Results show that covalently functionalizing graphene with the reverse saturable absorption chromospheres porphyrin and fullerene can enhance the nonlinear optical performance in the nanosecond regime. The covalently linked graphene nanohybrids offer performance superior to that of the individual graphene, porphyrin, and fullerene by combination of a nonlinear mechanism and the photoinduced electron or energy transfer between porphyrin or fullerene moiety and graphene.

The Preparation of Graphene Oxide and Its Derivatives and Their Application in Bio-Tribological Systems

“…Functionalized GO derivatives can fulfill specific requirements for various applications. Amine-functionalized porphyrin Pyrrolidine fullerene [74] N-Containing heterocyclic compounds [75] Hydroxyl Polyoxyethylene sorbitol anhydride monolaurate [76] π-π stacking Polyaniline [77] The epoxy groups of GO can be easily attacked by nucleophilic regents, resulting in a nucleophilic substitution reaction to open the epoxy rings. The typically used nucleophilic reagents are organic amine compounds bearing a lone pair of electrons.…”

“…After the activation of carboxylic acid groups by 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexa-fluorophosphate (HATU), Yan [73] employed two different diamines, ethylenediamine (EA) and 1,6-hexanediamine (HA) to react with GO, producing diamine-functionalized GO (AGO), and found that AGOs display higher thermal stability than GO, and the EAGO shows excellent dispersibility in DMF compared to GO. Amine-functionalized porphyrin (TPP-NH2) and pyrrolidine fullerene, respectively, are also used for the functionalization of GO by a mild coupling reaction between the -NH2 group of TPP-NH2 (or the -OH group of pyrrolidine fullerene) and the -COOH group of GO [74]. It is noticed that carboxyl groups are first activated by thionyl chloride SOCl2.…”

Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites

“…This type of modification has a special interest in the dispersion of functionalized GO in different solvents (polar or non-polar), this is due to the fact that the family of silanes provide a wide range of terminal functional groups. The functionalization of GO via carboxylic acids is one of the most common approaches and is possible by prior activation of these groups through various agents such as thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ) (Niyogi, Bekyarova et al 2006;Liu, Xu et al 2009;Zhang, Huang et al 2009;Karousis, Economopoulos et al 2010;Zhuang, Chen et al 2010), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) (Liu, Robinson et al 2008), N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (Veca, Lu et al 2009) and 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (Hatu) (Mohanty and Berry 2008). Subsequent addition of nucleophilic species, such as amines and hydroxyl, allow the formation of covalent bonds with functional groups of the graphene oxide through formation of amide or ester groups.…”

Stable graphite exfoliation by fullerenol intercalation via aqueous route

“…[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Some research has also been carried out to attach bulky fullerene molecules in between the graphite layers to exfoliate them, like pyrrolidine fullerene 38 or methano fullerene. [39][40][41][42][43][44] In some of the above cases, fullerene molecules were only attached on the edges. Zhang et al, reported the exfoliation of graphite to graphene monolayers by inserting fullerene molecules in between graphene layers of graphite and grafted on both sides of graphene.…”