Porphyra: a marine crop shaped by stress

Blouin, Nicolas A.; Brodie, Juliet; Grossman, Arthur C.; Xu, Pao; Brawley, Susan H.

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.10.004

Cited by 311 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…In particular, Porphyra grows from the mid-to-high intertidal zone, where it is routinely exposed during daily low tides to high light, desiccation, and extreme fluctuations in temperature and salinity. Blades can lose up to 95% of their water on some days, but are metabolically active as soon as they are rehydrated by the rising tide (24). Here we infer novel adaptations to cope with these stresses.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 79%

“…The lack of the dynactin complex Arp1 is consistent with loss of a dynein motor, but the general absence of Arp2/Arp3 from red algae is surprising. In eukaryotes, Arp2/3 nucleates the formation of branched microfilaments that mediate amoeboid motion (22), which is observed in many types of red algal spores, including Porphyra neutral spores (24) and Pyropia pulchella archeospores (21). How these spores move without Arp2/3 is an intriguing question; perhaps they rapidly polymerize microfilaments with the aid of other nucleating machinery, such as formins (22), which are present.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Brawley¹,

Blouin²,

Ficko-Blean³

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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220

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Porphyra umbilicalis (laver) belongs to an ancient group of red algae (Bangiophyceae), is harvested for human food, and thrives in the harsh conditions of the upper intertidal zone. Here we present the 87.7-Mbp haploid Porphyra genome (65.8% G + C content, 13,125 gene loci) and elucidate traits that inform our understanding of the biology of red algae as one of the few multicellular eukaryotic lineages. Novel features of the Porphyra genome shared by other red algae relate to the cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, the cell cycle, and stress-tolerance mechanisms including photoprotection. Cytoskeletal motor proteins in Porphyra are restricted to a small set of kinesins that appear to be the only universal cytoskeletal motors within the red algae. Dynein motors are absent, and most red algae, including Porphyra, lack myosin. This surprisingly minimal cytoskeleton offers a potential explanation for why red algal cells and multicellular structures are more limited in size than in most multicellular lineages. Additional discoveries further relating to the stress tolerance of bangiophytes include ancestral enzymes for sulfation of the hydrophilic galactan-rich cell wall, evidence for mannan synthesis that originated before the divergence of green and red algae, and a high capacity for nutrient uptake. Our analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of the red algae, which are both commercially important and have played a major role in the evolution of other algal groups through secondary endosymbioses.cytoskeleton | calcium-signaling | carbohydrate-active enzymes | stress tolerance | vitamin B 12T he red algae are one of the founding groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes (Archaeplastida) and among the few multicellular lineages within Eukarya. A red algal plastid, acquired through secondary endosymbiosis, supports carbon fixation, fatty acid synthesis, and other metabolic needs in many other algal groups in ways that are consequential. For example, diatoms and haptophytes have strong biogeochemical effects; apicomplexans cause human disease (e.g., malaria); and dinoflagellates include both coral symbionts and toxin-producing "red tides" (1). The evolutionary processes that produced the Archaeplastida and secondary algal lineages remain under investigation (2-5), but it is clear that both nuclear and plastid genes from the ancestral red algae have contributed dramatically to broader eukaryotic evolution and diversity. Consequently, the imprint of red algal metabolism on the Earth's climate system, aquatic foodwebs, and

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Brawley¹,

Blouin²,

Ficko-Blean³

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

220

222

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“…At Itassucê, however, shaded plants rapidly responded thanks to higher water flows and escaped grazing control. In 2010, when the more stress-resistant Porphyra prevailed (Blouin et al, 2011;Contreras-Porcia et al, 2011;Johnson et al, 1974), shading did not play any apparent role on total algal biomass at the wave protected shores. Blooms of similar magnitude were observed only when grazers were removed, with or without shading.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Interactive effects of grazing and environmental stress on macroalgal biomass in subtropical rocky shores: Modulation of bottom-up inputs by wave action

Flores

Christofoletti

Peres

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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“…Although the mechanisms that protect membranes, photosystems and other cellular structures remain poorly understood in P. yezoensis [30], some clues are revealed by the gene expression when they are under stress conditions. The photosynthetic rates are increased in P. yezoensis from exposure to the air at low tide [31].…”

Section: Stress-tolerance Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of the transcriptome of Porphyra yezoensis with Solexa sequencing technology

et al. 2011

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With high-throughput Solexa sequencing technology, we profiled Porphyra yezoensis transcriptomes from 8 different samples. More than 1200 megabases from 13333334 quality paired-end reads were generated, which were assembled into 31538 unigenes. Blast analysis showed that 56.7% unigenes were novel, which represented the specific genes of Porphyra and/or rhodophytes. Several hundreds of unigenes related to stress tolerance were discovered, including genes related to desiccation-(211) and high light-tolerance (31), flavonoid biosynthesis (10), reactive oxygen scavenging (48) and other stress-tolerance processes (208), which indicated there existed complex and diversity modes of stress tolerance in this species. A complete set of essential genes involved in the C3-(57) and C4-(44) carbon fixation pathway (except pyruvate phosphate dikinase) were discovered, which not only proved that they were actively transcribed but also clearly outlined the panoptic view of carbon fixation in Porphyra. Moreover, by statistically analyzing the types, proportions and frequencies of the interspersed repeats (TEs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs), we discovered that the top three types of TEs were all retrotransposons and the trinucleotide was the absolute predominant type among SSRs, promoting our understanding of structural characteristics of the transcriptome. This study substantially improved the global view of the Porphyra genome and provided a valuable resource for future research.Porphyra yezoensis, red algae, transcriptome, Solexa sequencing technology, expressed sequence tags, functional analysis, transposable elements, microsatellites Citation:

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Porphyra: a marine crop shaped by stress

Cited by 311 publications

References 90 publications

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Interactive effects of grazing and environmental stress on macroalgal biomass in subtropical rocky shores: Modulation of bottom-up inputs by wave action

Profiling of the transcriptome of Porphyra yezoensis with Solexa sequencing technology

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