Porous structure of hypercrosslinked polystyrene: State-of-the-art mini-review

Porous polymer particles—A comprehensive guide to synthesis, characterization, functionalization and applications

“…This approach is based on the formation of extensive post-crosslinking between the phenyl groups on the PS resin via Friedel-Crafts reactions [94].A bis-halide such as dichloroethane is needed together with the catalyst FeCl 3 to form the bridges between the phenyl groups of pure PS resins [95] and FeCl 3 alone is sufficient for post-crosslinking PS resins containing 4-(chloromethyl)styrene comonomer [96]. The first stage can be any heterogeneous polymerization such as emulsion [97], suspension [98] or precipitation polymerization [99] while the second stage involves the FriedelCrafts hypercrosslinking where the seeds are simply swollen in dichloroethane and heated in the presence of FeCl 3 .…”

“…The first stage can be any heterogeneous polymerization such as emulsion [97], suspension [98] or precipitation polymerization [99] while the second stage involves the FriedelCrafts hypercrosslinking where the seeds are simply swollen in dichloroethane and heated in the presence of FeCl 3 . These hypercrosslinked resins are commercially available from various manufacturers [94] because of their high surface area values reaching up to 2000 m 2 /g [100], resulting in very different sorption characteristics [101]. In the case of emulsion polymerized seeds [97], monodisperse beads as small as ∼500 nm with a surface area of 1200 m 2 /g are successfully prepared, which has never been achieved via another approach to the best of our knowledge.…”

Porous organic molecular solids by dynamic covalent scrambling

“…The external pressure was continually ramped up until the simulation density was higher than a 'target' bulk density. The target bulk density, ρ app was obtained from the equation W 0 = 1/ρ app − 1/ρ tr , where W 0 is the micropore volume (0.22 cm 3 g − 1 ; pore volume < 2 nm) and ρ tr is the absolute density, measured by helium pycnometry (0.844 g cm − 3 ) 6,44,45 . Finally, the model was allowed to fully relax in the absence of an external pressure and the simulation density (0.767 g cm − 3 ) remained relatively close to the 'target' density (0.712 g cm − 3 ).…”

Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity

“…These materials include the much studied crystalline metal organic frameworks (MOFs) [2][3][4][5] and purely organic but structurally similar covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [6][7][8]. In addition, there has been intense activity in the synthesis and study of amorphous polymer networks with a wide variety of structures such as the hyperCrosslinked polymers (HCPs) [9][10][11][12] and microporous conjugated polymers (MCPs) [13][14][15][16][17][18]. The rapid recent progress in the synthesis of microporous network polymers has been reviewed extensively [19,20].…”