Porous polyelectrolyte frameworks: synthesis, post-ionization and advanced applications

Zhou, Ting; Huang, Xingye; Ding, Ning; Lin, Zheng; Yao, Ying

doi:10.1039/d1cs00889g

Cited by 43 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…Porous polyelectrolytes are attracting significant attention for many challenges in energy technology, environmental protection, and biomedical applications. [ 1–3 ] Such materials are featured with the synergy between Coulombic charges and porous structures, [ 4 ] so the size and charge doubly control mass delivery to intensify many processes, including ion exchange, sensing, catalysis, separation, and energy storage. [ 5–10 ] When the boundaries of porous polyelectrolytes are continuously expanded, an emerging class of porous polyelectrolyte frameworks has been underpinned by ionizing intrinsic porous polymers such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), [ 11 ] conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), [ 12 ] and hyper‐crosslinked polymers (HCPs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Synthetic Strategy for Improving Crystallinity of Zwitterionic Squaraine‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Photothermal Performance

Ding

Zhou

Weng

et al. 2022

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Two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) offer a designable platform to explore porous polyelectrolyte frameworks with periodic ionic skeletons and uniform pore channels. However, the crystallinity of ionized 2D COF is often far from satisfactory as the electrostatic assembly of structures impedes the ordered layered arrangement. Here, a multivariate synthetic strategy to synthesize a highly crystalline squaraine (SQ)‐linked zwitterionic 2D COF is proved. A neutral aldehyde monomer copolymerizes with squaric acid (SA) and amines in a controlled manner, resulting in the ionized COF with linkage heterogeneity in one tetragonal framework. Thus, the zwitterions of SQ are spatially isolated to minimize the electrostatic interaction and maintain the highly ordered layered stacking. With the addition of 85%–90% SA (relative to a total of aldehydes and SA), a fully SQ‐linked zwitterionic 2D COF is achieved by the in‐situ conversion of imine to SQ linkages. Such a highly crystalline SQ‐linked COF promotes absorptivity in a full spectrum and photothermal conversion performances, and in turn, it exhibits enhanced solar‐to‐vapor generation with an efficiency of as high as 92.19%. These results suggest that synthetically regulating charge distribution is desirable to constitute a family of new crystalline polyelectrolyte frameworks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Synthetic Strategy for Improving Crystallinity of Zwitterionic Squaraine‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Photothermal Performance

Ding

Zhou

Weng

et al. 2022

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“…[28] Due to the well-defined directional ion channels and consecutive ion-conducting sites, COFs exhibit excellent ion-conducting ability, and present distinct ion-transfer mechanisms compared to typical solid conductors. [22,23,29] COFs are considered to be an excellent ionic conductor due to the following merits. First, the regular open channels of COFs can serve as a fast ionic conduction pathway, so that the ionic diffusion energy barrier can be effectively reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalent Organic Framework for Rechargeable Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties of Ionic Conduction

Cao

Wang

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

104

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The ionic conduction plays an important role in the charging/discharging kinetics in rechargeable batteries, mainly including the steps of diffusion in the electrodes, transport in the electrolytes, and permeation through the electrode/electrolyte interphases. [8][9][10] Generally, the ionic transport is a critical control step in the electrochemical reactions, because it is much slower kinetics than electron transport. [8,11] Thus, regulating the ion-transport behavior is very vital to achieve fast-charging secondary batteries. [6,12] Mechanism exploration and novel material design become two important strategies to tackle the sluggish ionconduction kinetics. [13][14][15][16][17] In the secondary battery, the environment of ionic conduction can be roughly divided into liquid electrolytes and solid conductors. The ionic diffusion in the liquid electrolytes can be very fast. However, the flammability of organic solvents and the instability of salts (such as LiPF 6 ) at elevated temperature limit its commercial application. [18,19] The solid conductor is a safer choice to replace the current liquid electrolyte, but still suffers a serious impediment of low ionic conductivity. [20,21] Recently, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging type of crystalline porous materials, are considered to be a potential solid conductor. [22,23] Depending on the topological establishment of building blocks, COFs are classified into 2D COFs and 3D COFs. Unless otherwise noted, the COFs in this review specifically refer to 2D COFs. 2D COFs typically crystallize as stacked sheets through the π-π interaction between adjacent monolayers, meanwhile the organic units are connected by the covalent bond to form reticular framework with periodic channel structure. [24][25][26][27] Based on the nature of synthetic reactions, COFs have been synthesized with boroxine, boronate ester, borosilicate, triazine, imine, hydrazone, borazine, imide, spiroborate, amide linkages, etc. [24,25] In addition, based on the symmetry of the monomers, COFs can be designed in various topologies, such as tetragonal, hexagonal, rhombic, and trigonal. [24,25] Over the recent decades, a variety of synthetic approaches have been developed to prepare COFs, such as solvothermal synthesis, microwave synthesis, ionothermal synthesis, mechanochemical synthesis, and interfacial synthesis. [24,25] Among them, the solvothermal synthesis under a sealed vessel with a suitable temperature can produce highly crystalline COFs, but this method always needs a long Ionic conduction plays a critical role in the process of electrode reactions and the charge transfer kinetics in a rechargeable battery. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as an exciting new class of ionic conductors, and have made great progress in terms of their application in rechargeable batteries. The unique features of COFs, such as well-defined directional channels, functional diversity, and structural robustness, endow COF-based conductors with a low ionic diffusion energy barrier and excellent t...

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“…As a significant macrocyclic compound 1 in supramolecular chemistry 2–4 produced from starch by enzymatic conversion, 5,6 cyclodextrin (CD), 7,8 consisting of several glucose subunits connected by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds (Chart 1), has gained much more attention recently due to its interesting applications in government-approved coronavirus drugs. 9,10 Actually, due to its nano-sized hydrophobic cavity, rigid and chiral structures of cyclic oligosaccharides, 11,12 as well as particular aqueous solubility and biocompatibility, 13 CD could be used widely in biomedicines such as drug delivery and pharmaceutical, 14–16 chemical industries and environmental engineering, 17,18 as well as food and agriculture. 19,20…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a significant macrocyclic compound 1 in supramolecular chemistry [2][3][4] produced from starch by enzymatic conversion, 5,6 cyclodextrin (CD), 7,8 consisting of several glucose subunits connected by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds (Chart 1), has gained much more attention recently due to its interesting applications in government-approved coronavirus drugs. 9,10 Actually, due to its nano-sized hydrophobic cavity, rigid and particular aqueous solubility and biocompatibility, 13 CD could be used widely in biomedicines such as drug delivery and pharmaceutical, [14][15][16] chemical industries and environmental engineering, 17,18 as well as food and agriculture. 19,20 In contrast to the water-soluble CD as a host molecule, 21,22 pillar[n]arene, [23][24][25] another pillar-like rigid macrocyclic compound repeatedly connected by methylene bridges (-CH 2 -) at the para-positions of hydroquinone/dialkoxybenzene (Chart 1), exhibits a hydrophobic core sandwiched between two functionalizable rims, 26 making it potentially having diverse hostguest interactions via the electron-donating cavity in organic and aqueous solvents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclodextrin-pillar[n]arene hybridized macrocyclic systems

et al. 2022

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Porous polyelectrolyte frameworks: synthesis, post-ionization and advanced applications

Abstract: This review surveys approaches to the design and synthesis of emerging porous polyelectrolyte frameworks, and provides an overview of the recent advances in energy, environmental and biomedical fields.

Cited by 43 publications

References 140 publications

Multivariate Synthetic Strategy for Improving Crystallinity of Zwitterionic Squaraine‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Photothermal Performance

Multivariate Synthetic Strategy for Improving Crystallinity of Zwitterionic Squaraine‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Photothermal Performance

Covalent Organic Framework for Rechargeable Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties of Ionic Conduction

Cyclodextrin-pillar[n]arene hybridized macrocyclic systems

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