Porous nanoapatite scaffolds synthesized using an approach of interfacial mineralization reaction and their bioactivity

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the use of calcium phosphate, used to fabricate porous scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration and repair. However, it is difficult to obtain interconnected pores with very high porosity and to engineer the topography of the pore walls for calcium phosphate ceramic scaffolds. In this study, a novelty method interfacial mineralization reaction was used to fabricate porous nano-calcium phosphate ceramic scaffolds with three-dimensional surface topography of walls, which was tuned using different surfactants; using this method, porous scaffolds with different shapes were obtained, which demonstrates that interfacial mineralization reaction is not only a good method to prepare porous ceramic scaffolds of calcium phosphate but also an efficient approach to engineer the topography of the pore walls. The as-prepared porous ceramic scaffolds have also been proved to have good biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biodegradability, which are necessary for the clinical application. In vivo experimental results revealed that not only osteoconduction but also osteoinduction was responsible for the bone formation in our scaffolds, which accelerated the formation of new bone, and that the degradation process of our porous scaffolds could match osteoinduction, mineralization of matrix and bone, and reconstruction of new bone very well, and porous scaffolds could be completely substituted by the new bone.

Hybrid use of combined and sequential delivery of growth factors and ultrasound stimulation in porous multilayer composite scaffolds to promote both vascularization and bone formation in bone tissue engineering

“…The related degradation and in vitro culture results of the precursors, which were used for multilayer composite scaffolds, had been reported in our previous studies …”

“…A multilayer coating technology would be used to prepare for porous composite scaffolds using degradable polylactic acid (PLA) combined with nano needle crystals of apatite as the first coating layer and using RGD‐grafted OSA/NSC composites as the second coating layer. Porous calcium phosphate scaffolds were prepared according to the method previously reported . Before coating, porous scaffolds and hydroxyapatite powder (HA) were sterilized by radiation with gamma rays whilst BMP‐2‐loaded SA microspheres and hydrogel precursors were sterilized by soaking in 75% ethanol for 1 h and rinsed with PBS for three times and by ultraviolet irradiation, respectively.…”

“…Porous calcium phosphate scaffolds were prepared according to the method previously reported. 4 Before coating, porous scaffolds and hydroxyapatite powder (HA) were sterilized by radiation with gamma rays whilst BMP-2-loaded SA microspheres and hydrogel precursors were sterilized by soaking in 75% ethanol for 1 h and rinsed with PBS for three times and by ultraviolet irradiation, respectively. The other reagents for use were sterilized by filtration.…”

“…The related degradation and in vitro culture results of the precursors, which were used for multilayer composite scaffolds, had been reported in our previous studies. 4,6,26,27 Animal experiments The animal groups were divided into four groups where different scaffolds were used. Group I was the control group, in which the used scaffolds were porous calcium phosphate ceramic ones without coating anything.…”

“…[1][2][3] 3D porous scaffolds can maintain the original shape of the organization, provide the places of boarding, growth, proliferation and differentiation for cells, and guide the regeneration of damaged tissue and control structure of the regeneration of tissue. [4][5][6][7] However, there are still some challenges associated with three-dimensional bone regeneration including creating a repair tissue that has similar structural and mechanical properties to the natural bone and achieving successful integration across the host bone and scaffold. 8,9 The level of formation of new bone and vascularization in bone tissue engineering scaffold implants is considered as a critical factor.…”