Porous graphitic carbon: A versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography

West, Caroline; Elfakir, Claire; Lafosse, M.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.052

Cited by 236 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 436 publications

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“…However, the porous polysaccharide framework is susceptible to heat treatment which gives rise to micropore formation and the surface area values observed. reduce the micropore content [3]. Interestingly, there is also evidence of smaller, quasi-flat but highly-aligned carbon layers which appear similar to those described by Harris et al for low temperature-pyrolysed graphitizing microporous carbons, derived from anthracene [19].…”

Section: 1: N 2 Sorption Porosimetrysupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Pore diameter is well within the mesopore range for all samples, although the commercial PGC material had a narrower pore size distribution (not shown). This is to be expected, as this material is synthesised using a hard-templating route, for which a template of a specified pore size is used [3]. The alginic acid-based samples have greater surface area than the commercial PGC material as well as larger pore volumes, although there is significant variation among these samples.…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In particular, PGC has attracted significant interest over the past decades as a liquid chromatography (LC) stationary phase, owing to its unique mechanism of separation of polar compounds under mass spectrometry-compatible reversed-phase conditions, as well as its capacity to function over the entire pH range [3], [6], [7] and [8]. PGC compares favourably with the widely adopted standard reversed-phase, chemically bonded but less stable silica columns, which are unable to retain polar compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Porous graphitic carbons (PGC) are attracting increasing interest for applications such as catalysis [1] and [2], adsorption [3], and energy storage [4] and [5]. In particular, PGC has attracted significant interest over the past decades as a liquid chromatography (LC) stationary phase, owing to its unique mechanism of separation of polar compounds under mass spectrometry-compatible reversed-phase conditions, as well as its capacity to function over the entire pH range [3], [6], [7] and [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the structure of biomass-derived non-graphitizing mesoporous carbons by electron energy loss spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Marriott

Hunt

Bergström

et al. 2014

Carbon

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We have investigated the microstructure and bonding of two biomass-based porous carbon chromatographic stationary phase materials (alginic acid-derived Starbon ® and calcium alginate-derived mesoporous carbon spheres (AMCS)) and a commercial porous graphitic carbon (PGC), using high resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), N 2 porosimetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The planar carbon sp 2 -content of all three material types is similar to that of traditional nongraphitising carbon although, both biomass-based carbon types contain a greater percentage of fullerene character (i.e curved graphene sheets) than a non-graphitising carbon pyrolysed at the same temperature. This is thought to arise during the pyrolytic breakdown of hexauronic acid residues into C5 intermediates. Energy dispersive X-ray and XPS analysis reveals a homogeneous distribution of calcium in the AMCS and a calcium catalysis mechanism is discussed.

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Section: 1: N 2 Sorption Porosimetrysupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigating the structure of biomass-derived non-graphitizing mesoporous carbons by electron energy loss spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Marriott

Hunt

Bergström

et al. 2014

Carbon

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“…Due to their polar and hydrophilic nature, nucleosides generally elute with poor retention and resolution under aqueous or low organic conditions on RP C18 stationary phases. As an alternative to silica based C18 type stationary phases, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phase provide markedly greater retention and selectivity for polar compounds and, due to its physical and chemical nature, tolerates extreme chromatographic conditions compared with silica based sorbents (reviewed in [16] and [17]). Several studies report the use of PGC for analysis of nucleosides and nucleotides and their modifications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nano-Chip-LC/MSⁿ Based Strategy for Characterization of Modified Nucleosides Using Reduced Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase

Giessing

Scott

Kirpekar

2011

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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LC/MS analysis of ribonucleosides is traditionally performed by reverse phase chromatography on silica based C18 type stationary phases using MS compatible buffers and methanol or acetonitrile gradients. Due to the hydrophilic and polar nature of nucleosides, down-scaling C18 analytical methods to a two-column nano-flow setup is inherently difficult. We present a nanochip LC/MS ion-trap strategy for routine characterization of RNA nucleosides in the fmol range. Nucleosides were analyzed in positive ion mode by reverse phase chromatography using a 75 μ×150 mm, 5 μ particle porous graphitic carbon (PGC) chip with an integrated 9 mm, 160 nL trapping column. Nucleosides were separated using a formic acid/acetonitrile gradient. The method was able to separate isobaric nucleosides as well as nucleosides with isotopic overlap to allow unambiguous MS n identification on a low resolution ion-trap. Synthesis of 5-hydroxycytidine (oh 5 C) was achieved from 5-hydroxyuracil in a novel three-step enzymatic process. When operated in its native state using formic acid/acetonitrile, PGC oxidized oh 5 C to its corresponding glycols and formic acid conjugates. Reduction of the PGC stationary phase was achieved by flushing the chip with 2.5 mM oxalic acid and adding 1 mM oxalic acid to the online solvents. Analyzed under reduced chromatographic conditions oh 5 C was readily identified by its MH + m/z 260 and MS n fragmentation pattern. This investigation is, to our knowledge, the first instance where oxalic acid has been used as an online reducing agent for LC/MS. The method was subsequently used for complete characterization of nucleosides found in tRNAs using both PGC and C18 chips.

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Fractionation of Polymers

Lederer¹,

Ndiripo²

2023

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Synthetic and natural polymers exist in microstructural distributions, such as chain length, size, chemical composition, branching, tacticity, or comonomer sequence distributions. Polymer fractionation techniques are essential for the analysis of these distributions and help in understanding polymerization mechanisms and material properties. In this article, the theoretical basics of general fractionation approaches and specific fractionation techniques are discussed. Details are given on fractionation techniques for molar mass and chemical composition distribution analysis, such as temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF), crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF), or crystallization elution fractionation (CEF). In addition, column‐based and channel‐based fractionation methods are extensively discussed. Theoretical and practical aspects of the analysis of molar mass distributions using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) as well as chemical composition distributions by interaction chromatography (SGIC, TGIC, LCCC) and multidimensional separations (2D‐LC) are reviewed and compared. General aspects and details on asymmetrical flow and thermal field flow fractionation techniques (AF4 and ThFFF) are discussed and examples of suitable physical and chemical detectors coupled to fractionation devices for the analysis of size, conformation, or chemical composition and topology are demonstrated.

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Porous graphitic carbon: A versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography

Cited by 236 publications

References 436 publications

Investigating the structure of biomass-derived non-graphitizing mesoporous carbons by electron energy loss spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Investigating the structure of biomass-derived non-graphitizing mesoporous carbons by electron energy loss spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

A Nano-Chip-LC/MSⁿ Based Strategy for Characterization of Modified Nucleosides Using Reduced Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase

Fractionation of Polymers

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Porous graphitic carbon: A versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography

Cited by 236 publications

References 436 publications

Investigating the structure of biomass-derived non-graphitizing mesoporous carbons by electron energy loss spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Investigating the structure of biomass-derived non-graphitizing mesoporous carbons by electron energy loss spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

A Nano-Chip-LC/MSn Based Strategy for Characterization of Modified Nucleosides Using Reduced Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase

Fractionation of Polymers

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A Nano-Chip-LC/MSⁿ Based Strategy for Characterization of Modified Nucleosides Using Reduced Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase