Porous glass density tailoring by femtosecond laser pulses

Zhong, Lijin; Zakoldaev, R. A.; Sergeev, M. M.; Veiko, Vadim P.; Li, Zhengyan

doi:10.1007/s11082-019-2163-7

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The fluorescent molecules are regarded to be immobilized in the cladding and excited by the evanescent wave of the guiding light. Based on the analysis from [35], the spacing between two peaks can be estimated by λ 2 /πnD = 5.7 nm, where n~1.34 for the BWG in PG [24] and D is the diameter of the BWG (equal to the BWG height of~12 µm); this is close to the value obtained from the experimental result of 4.9 nm. It is also important to note that only narrow peaks with an FWHM up to 0.5 nm were observed in our experiments.…”

Section: Single-line Emission From the Bwgsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The XYZ translation stage based on a stepper motor with the step equal to 1 µm and controlled by the driver (Avesta, SMC-AD3, Moscow, Russia) was applied to translate the PG sample. The range of regimes resulting in PG framework densification has been established by us previously [14,23,24], and here we apply the fastest one to fabricate BWGs. The BWG inscription occurred from the sample translating perpendicular to the focused laser beam axis at speed 3.75 mm/s and incident pulse energy E p = 0.6 µJ.…”

Section: Waveguides Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluorescent Bulk Waveguide Sensor in Porous Glass: Concept, Fabrication, and Testing

et al. 2020

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In this work, we suggest the new concept of sensing elements—bulk waveguides (BWGs) fabricated by the laser direct writing technique inside porous glass (PG). BWGs in nanoporous materials are promising to be applied in the photonics and sensors industries. Such light-guiding components interrogate the internal conditions of nanoporous materials and are able to detect chemical or physical reactions occurring inside nanopores especially with small molecules, which represent a separate class for sensing technologies. After the writing step, PG plates are impregnated with the indicator—rhodamine 6G—which penetrates through the nanoporous framework to the BWG cladding. The experimental investigation proved the concept by measuring the spectral characteristics of an output signal. We have demonstrated that the BWG is sensitive to ethanol molecules captured by the nanoporous framework. The sensitivity of the peak shift in the fluorescence spectrum to the refractive index of the solution is quantified as 6250 ± 150 nm/RIU.

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Section: Single-line Emission From the Bwgsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Waveguides Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescent Bulk Waveguide Sensor in Porous Glass: Concept, Fabrication, and Testing

et al. 2020

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“…Since the fabricated tracks possess light-guiding properties, they are important to study in terms of the refractive index contrast according to methodology demonstrated by us formerly [ 35 ]. For this purpose, a setup equipped with a He-Ne laser and a pair of objectives can register the near-field intensity distribution of radiation transmitted through the waveguide ( Figure 1 a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework

et al. 2021

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Laser direct writing technique in glass is a powerful tool for various waveguides’ fabrication that highly develop the element base for designing photonic devices. We apply this technique to fabricate waveguides in porous glass (PG). Nanoporous optical materials for the inscription can elevate the sensing ability of such waveguides to higher standards. The waveguides were fabricated by a single-scan approach with femtosecond laser pulses in the densification mode, which resulted in the formation of a core and cladding. Experimental studies revealed three types of waveguides and quantified the refractive index contrast (up to Δn = 1.2·10−2) accompanied with ~1.2 dB/cm insertion losses. The waveguides demonstrated the sensitivity to small objects captured by the nanoporous framework. We noticed that the deposited ethanol molecules (3 µL) on the PG surface influence the waveguide optical properties indicating the penetration of the molecule to its cladding. Continuous monitoring of the output near field intensity distribution allowed us to determine the response time (6 s) of the waveguide buried at 400 µm below the glass surface. We found that the minimum distinguishable change of the refractive index contrast is 2 × 10−4. The results obtained pave the way to consider the waveguides inscribed into PG as primary transducers for sensor applications.

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“…To understand the difference of guiding modes of PLLW at the input and output, a finite element method is used to study the mode fields of the photonic lattice structure. The refractive index difference between densified tracks and pristine material is set to 10 −2 [20] . The simulation results are shown in Figs.…”

Section: Design and Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our experiment, the tracks are fabricated with a chirped pulse amplified femtosecond Yb∶KGd(WO 4 ) 20 (Yb:KGW) laser source (Pharos, Light Conversion) that delivers 226 fs pulses with 200 kHz repetition rate, and the central wavelength is 1030 nm. The scanning speed and depth of the FLDW tracks and PLLW are adjusted by a computer-controlled 3D nano-translation stage (SmartAct).…”

Section: Femtosecond Laser Processing Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic lattice-like waveguides in glass directly written by femtosecond laser for on-chip mode conversion

Wang¹,

Zhong

Chen

et al. 2022

Chin. Opt. Lett.

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We report on a conceptually new type of waveguide in glass by femtosecond laser direct writing, namely, photonic latticelike waveguide (PLLW). The PLLW's core consists of well-distributed and densified tracks with a sub-micron size of 0.62 μm in width. Specifically, a PLLW inscribed as hexagonal-shape input with a ring-shape output side was implemented to converse Gaussian mode to doughnut-like mode, and high conversion efficiency was obtained with a low insertion loss of 1.65 dB at 976 nm. This work provides a new freedom for design and fabrication of the refractive index profile of waveguides with sub-micron resolution and broadens the functionalities and application scenarios of femtosecond laser direct-writing waveguides in future 3D integrated photonic systems.

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Porous glass density tailoring by femtosecond laser pulses

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Fluorescent Bulk Waveguide Sensor in Porous Glass: Concept, Fabrication, and Testing

Fluorescent Bulk Waveguide Sensor in Porous Glass: Concept, Fabrication, and Testing

Optical Sensitivity of Waveguides Inscribed in Nanoporous Silicate Framework

Photonic lattice-like waveguides in glass directly written by femtosecond laser for on-chip mode conversion

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