Porous Carbohydrate‐Based Materials via Hard Templating

Kubo, Shiori; Demir‐Cakan, Rezan; Zhao, Li; White, Robin J.; Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena

doi:10.1002/cssc.200900126

Cited by 88 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Reactivity of precursors or the OFG content in the precursor is an important indicator of the effectiveness of chemical activation and can thus predict the extent to which porosity will be developed in the activated carbons [8,9,[35][36][37]. In view of these recent developments, hydrothermal carbonization has gained much importance for recovery of carbonaceous materials because of its potential in producing hydrochar with high OFG content and its further use for synthesis of activated carbon with desired properties [38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: A review

Jain

Balasubramanian

Madapusi

2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

976

435

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: A review

Jain

Balasubramanian

Madapusi

2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

976

435

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“…catalysis, separation science, energy production and storage), is their low surface area and porosity [10]. In the case of monosaccharide derived HTC carbons, this problem has been elegantly overcome by using hard\soft-templating strategies or by addition of structural directing agents [11][12][13]. Such synthetic routes are effective because of the homogeneous nature of the pre-HTC aqueous reaction mixture.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring the porosity of chemically activated hydrothermal carbons: Influence of the precursor and hydrothermal carbonization temperature

Falco

Marco-Lozar

Salinas-Torres

et al. 2013

Carbon

213

131

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Advanced porous materials with tailored porosity (extremely high development of microporosity together with a narrow micropore size distribution (MPSD)) are required in energy and environmental related applications. Lignocellulosic biomass derived HTC carbons are good precursors for the synthesis of activated carbons (ACs) via KOH chemical activation. However, more research is needed in order to tailor the microporosity for those specific applications. In the present work, the influence of the precursor and HTC temperature on the porous properties of the resulting ACs is analyzed, remarking that, regardless of the precursor, highly microporous ACs could be generated. The HTC temperature was found to be an extremely influential parameter affecting the porosity development and the MPSD of the ACs. Tuning of the MPSD of the ACs was achived by modification of the HTC temperature. Promising preliminary results in gas storage (i.e. CO 2 capture and high pressure CH 4 storage) were obtained with these materials, showing the effectiveness of this synthesis strategy in converting a low value lignocellulosic biomass into a functional carbon material with high performance in gas storage applications. IntroductionHydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) is now a well-established thermochemical synthesis alternative to produce functional carbon materials with a tunable chemical structure from pure carbohydrates or lignocellulosic biomass [1][2][3].During HTC, biomass-derived precursors are converted into valuable carbon materials using water as reaction medium at mild temperatures (< 200°C) under self-generated pressures [4]. Even though this methodology has been known for almost 100 years [5], its full potential, as a synthetic route for carbon materials having important applications in several fields such as catalysis, energy storage, CO 2 sequestration, water purification, soil remediation, has been revealed only recently, mainly via the work of Dr. Titirici and coworkers [6].Under hydrothermal conditions monosaccharides are dehydrated to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) via the well-known Lobry de Bruyn-Alberta van Ekstein rearrangement [7]. Once 5-HMF is formed, it is in situ "polymerised" yielding the HTC carbon product [8]. While most of the research efforts focus on the exploitation of HMF for the production of chemicals, bioplastics and biofuels [9], the Titirici´s group rediscovered these processes for the production of green and valuable carbon and carbon-hybrid materials [1,4].One of the main limiting factors, hindering the effective and straightforward exploitation of HTC carbons for several end-applications (eg. catalysis, separation science, energy production and storage), is their low surface area and porosity [10]. In the case of monosaccharide derived HTC carbons, this problem has been elegantly overcome by using hard\soft-templating strategies or by addition of structural directing agents [11][12][13]. Such synthetic routes are effective because of the homogeneous nature of the pre-HTC aqueous reaction mixt...

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“…or lignocellulosic biomass have received increasing attention over the last years [23][24][25][26][27]. Since HTCs usually exhibit relatively low energy storage performance due to their little or no porosity, many strategies including chemical activation with suitable agents (e.g., KOH) [28,29], or hard template methods during the hydrothermal carbonization step have been adopted in order to introduce microand/or mesopores and enlarge surface areas and pore volume [30,31]. For example, the carbon hollow nanospheres with relatively high surface area (658 m 2 g À1 ,) and pore volume (1.1 cm 3 g À1 ) prepared through hard template method using silicon spheres as shape guides exhibit relatively high gravimetric capacitance and good cycle stability [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrangea-like multi-scale carbon hollow submicron spheres with hierarchical pores for high performance supercapacitor electrodes

Guo

Chen

Fang

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Porous Carbohydrate‐Based Materials via Hard Templating

Cited by 88 publications

References 62 publications

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: A review

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: A review

Tailoring the porosity of chemically activated hydrothermal carbons: Influence of the precursor and hydrothermal carbonization temperature

Hydrangea-like multi-scale carbon hollow submicron spheres with hierarchical pores for high performance supercapacitor electrodes

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