Porosity evolution in oil-prone source rocks

Zargari, Saeed; Canter, Karen Lyn; Prasad, Manika

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.072

Cited by 121 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The kerogen from more mature dry gas window of the Marcellus Shale has a more aromatic structure. The higher aromaticity results in an increase in pore size and higher surface area for adsorption (Chalmers et al, 2008(Chalmers et al, , 2012Zhang et al, 2012;Zargari et al, 2015,)…”

Section: Marcellus Shalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the high TOC concentration, the shale organic matter matrix (kerogen) may act as a sight for adsorption of these compounds onto the surface. More mature shale contains more aromatic compounds within its organic matter, resulting in higher organic porosity and the relatively high surface area within this matrix (Zargari et al, 2015, Zhang et al, 2012. This organic porosity creates an effective adsorbent trap for organic molecules used or generated in the hydraulic fracturing process (Zhang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Aqueous Organic Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of maturity and mineralogy on fluid-rock reactions in the Marcellus Shale

Pilewski

Sharma

Hakala

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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EFFECT OF MATURITY AND MINERALOGY ON FLUID-ROCK REACTIONS IN THE MARCELLUS SHALE John PilewskiThe advancement in drilling technology and discoveries of large quantities of natural gas in the United States has led to a substantial increase in hydraulic fracturing (HF) operations in the past two decades. The Marcellus Shale is a world-renowned source rock that has been extensively exploited via HF, and this study aims to analyze the complex chemical reactions that take place during this process of hydrocarbon extraction. Fluid-shale reactions were conducted using a mixture of synthetic brine, and synthetic hydraulic fracturing fluid reacted with three shale samples of varying maturity and mineralogy. Static autoclave reactors were used to mimic in situ reservoir reaction parameters, roughly 2,500 psi and 100°C respectively. Reactions were carried out for 14 days in accordance with the shut-in time when fluid remains in the reservoir during the HF process. The chemical analysis focused on observing major changes in ionic species concentrations and the proliferation of low molecular weight organic compounds with respect to maturity and mineralogy. Shale samples LM-2 and MIP-3H containing relatively greater amounts of carbonate minerals reacted as buffering agents during the reaction increasing the effluent pH to near neutral. Ion Chromatography results indicate an increase in sulfate and phosphate ions and decrease in barium ions in all fluid-shale effluents. These results suggest that the relative abundance of minerals, particularly calcite and pyrite, affect mineral dissolution and precipitation during HF operations. Results also show organic acids are generated in the control fluid, HPT-PF, by placing it under high pressure/temperature conditions without any shale interaction. Overall dissolved organic carbon concentrations decrease in all effluent samples compared to the control fluid. The GC-MS analysis focused on the observation of benzene, toluene, ethylene, and xylene (BTEX) analytes. Results indicate toluene and xylene were generated in the control fluid, HPT-PF, without any shale interaction. The least mature LM-2 sample generated effluent containing the highest concentrations of target VOC analytes, and the most mature MIP-3H sample generated no observable analytes. These results suggest that HFF additives are being transformed at reservoir pressure/temperature conditions, low mature shale is releasing geogenic, labile organic compounds, and high mature shale is adsorbing any VOCs generated from HF processes.iii

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Section: Marcellus Shalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aqueous Organic Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of maturity and mineralogy on fluid-rock reactions in the Marcellus Shale

Pilewski

Sharma

Hakala

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…BK003 has a more distinct bimodal distribution between 15 and 70 GPa with peaks at approximately 20 and 60 GPa followed by a very low amplitude broad peak between 100 and 150 GPa representing the modulus of the pyrite grain present in the second scan (Figure 3). Solvent extraction of these samples resulted in significant increase in SSA (53 and 30 m 2 ∕g), and the PSD curves also exhibited a dramatic change in shape, showing substantial increase in population of nanopores (2-20 nm in diameter), which are indicators of an abundant presence of kerogen-hosted porosity in both samples (Kuila et al, 2014;Zargari et al, 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of thermal maturity on elastic properties of kerogen

et al. 2016

Self Cite

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We have performed spatially continuous nanodynamic mechanical analysis on four organic-rich shale samples with different thermal maturities to extract the elastic modulus of the kerogen particles. Aliquots were rigorously prepared, and three scans were acquired from each aliquot. Subcritical nitrogen adsorption pore characterization was performed to determine the abundance of kerogen-hosted porosity. To fully characterize the pore system of samples from the oil window, toluene and then chloroform extraction were performed to remove the pore-filling hydrocarbons prior to nitrogen adsorption. The statistical distribution of the measured modulus values was analyzed to extract the properties of the shale particles. In mature samples from the peak oil generation or gas window, the kerogen porosity was the dominant pore morphology. We found that significant lowering of the kerogen particle modulus resulted from intraparticle kerogen porosity. The kerogen particle modulus in mature samples was measured as being lower (7-12 GPa) than the immature sample (15-20 GPa) due to gas-or bitumen-filled pores.

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“…As for early mature or mature lacustrine shale, the residual bitumen in pores dramatically affects the pore structures and methane sorption [31]. Specific surface areas and pore volumes of marine and lacustrine shale generally increase after solvent extraction, apart from a few exceptions in marine shale [27,[31][32][33][34]. Bitumen-free porosity of shales after solvent extraction are higher than those measured in as-received samples, and bitumen-filled porosity decreases with thermal maturity [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solvent extraction is suggested to be conducted to ensure that pore throats are unobstructed [32,37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of solvent extraction on nanoporosity of marine-continental coal and mudstone

Cai

et al. 2019

Fuel

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Porosity evolution in oil-prone source rocks

Cited by 121 publications

References 41 publications

Effect of maturity and mineralogy on fluid-rock reactions in the Marcellus Shale

Effect of maturity and mineralogy on fluid-rock reactions in the Marcellus Shale

Effect of thermal maturity on elastic properties of kerogen

The effects of solvent extraction on nanoporosity of marine-continental coal and mudstone

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