Pore structure of activated carbon prepared from hazelnut bagasse by chemical activation

Abstract

In this study, hazelnut extracted-bagasse which is a waste from oil factory was used for the production of activated carbon by chemical activation using ZnCl 2 and KOH as activating agents. Hazelnut bagasse has been impregnated with aqueous solutions of ZnCl 2 and KOH in the ratio of 1-3 g agent per g precursor. The carbonization treatment was performed at 500, 600 and 700

Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review

“…The chemical catalysts (oxidizing agents) that usually used are ZnCl 2 , H 3 PO 4 [109,149,150], H 2 SO 4 , K 2 S, KCNS [94], HNO 3 , H 2 O 2 , KMnO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 [15], NaOH, KOH [151], and K 2 CO 3 [58,64]. The surface oxygen functional groups can be introduced to the carbon of the precursor when react with activating agents [20].…”

“…Commercially activated carbon basically uses precursors such as petroleum residues, wood [77], coal, peat and lignite which are very expensive and non-renewable [78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. Therefore, in recent years, people have been focusing on the activated carbon preparation based on agricultural waste and lignocelluloses materials which are effective and very inexpensive [16,85], such as corn cob [86,87], hazelnut shell [88], pruning mulberry shoot [89], olive stone [43,90], Jojoba seed [91], Chinese fir sawdust [70], coconut shell [22,92,93], wood [93], hazelnut bagasse [94], kenaf fiber [95], bamboo [66,96], rice husk [97], petai [98], groundnut shell [14,99], paper mill sludge [100], prosopis (Prosopis juliflora) [80], coconut husk [84], Jatropha husk [101], tamarind wood [10], pistachio-nut [39], sugarcane bagasse [102], jackfruit peel [103], and many others.…”

Preparation and Characteristics of Highly Microporous Activated Carbon Derived From Empty Fruit Bunch of Palm Oil Using Koh Activation

“…The bands at 1442 and 1383 cm -1 were ascribed to C=O and C-O stretching vibration, respectively in carbonyl, ester and carboxylate groups. The bands at 1079 cm -1 were ascribed to C-O stretching vibrations in hydroxyl groups, and shows a stronger intensity at higher temperatures 15 . The presences of bands around 874 -752 cm -1 were assigned to C-H out-of-plane deformation vibration of C-H groups located at the edges of benzene derivate which were lesser intensities at higher temperatures 16,17 .…”

Surface structural characterization of highly porous activated carbon prepared from corn grain

“…In general, the SPE method is the most promising for determining the specific surface area of the highly porous activated carbons, [9 -12] and this same conclusion was once again observed in this study. Besides, the surface area of CG-ACs is quite high compared to the corn cob (S BET : 1682 m 2 /g) [4] , cow dung (S BET : 1916 m 2 /g) [5] , hazelnut bagasse (S BET : 1642 m 2 /g) [6] , rice husk (S BET : 2350 m 2 /g) [7] and other biomass-based activated carbons. Among all the biomass-based activated carbons, the sample, K-240 (S SPE : 2978 m 2 /g), has the largest surface area, according to the specified activation conditions (1/4 (powdered form of carbonized corn grain char/KOH) ratio, 800…”

“…Numerous biomass sources such as wheat, bagasse, miscanthus, pinecone, rapeseed, cotton residues, almond shells, cotton stalk, olive stones, cherry stones, peach stones, nut shells, corn straw, corn hulls, corn stover, [3] corn cob, [4] cow dung, [5] hazelnut bagasse, [6] and rice husk [7] have been used in the preparation of activated carbons. Apart from the above mentioned biomasses, corn grain is introduced here, as a novel precursor.…”