Pore solution chemistry and corrosion in hydrated cement systems containing chloride salts: a study of cation specific effects

Andrade, C; Page, Christopher

doi:10.1179/000705986798272415

Cited by 78 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The 'cation effect' is said to be related to the alkali content of the pore fluid. According to Andrade and Page (1986), specimens prepared with calcium chloride in the mix water are more aggressive towards embedded steel than those made with sodium chloride. However, this difference in aggression was attributed to changes occurring in the early stages of hydration rather than long-term modification of pore solution compositions.…”

Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigators have sometimes attempted to obviate these difficulties by j using low-quality matrices, perhaps made to high water/solid (w/s) ratios j adding chloride to the concrete in the course of mixing, using a sodium chloride solution instead of pure water Andrade and Page, 1986;Arya and Xu, 1995;Manera et al, 2008;Morris et al, 2004;Yonezawa et al, 1988).…”

Section: Diffusion Processes In Hydrated Cementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chloride in cement

Galán

Glasser

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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Portland cement–steel composites frequently take up chloride from their service environment. The degradation processes and test methods are described through a critical review of the literature. Plain cement paste is not much affected by chloride except for increased solubilisation of cement solids, but chloride is detrimental to the passivation of embedded steel. Emphasis is placed on establishing the underlying physicochemical concepts and mechanisms of corrosion, and integrating these into a holistic picture. Simplistic calculations and test conditions probably do not reproduce well the complex reactions with cement components occurring at the steel–cement interface and the concept of a ‘threshold' – defined in terms of a critical chloride content or chloride:hydroxide ratio – is just an approximation at best: other cement components are involved, as is the oxygen activity at the interface. Chloride binding can retard the migration of chloride in concrete and specimen calculations are presented showing that the main binding mechanism arises from the AFm, [Ca2(Al,Fe)(OH)6].X.nH2O, content of the paste. Suggestions are made to enhance the value of experimental approaches to corrosion.

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Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diffusion Processes In Hydrated Cementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride in cement

Galán

Glasser

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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“…Several studies have confirmed that the chloride salt type affects chloride binding (Andrade and Page, 1986;Arya et al, 1990;Delagrave et al, 1997;Tritthart, 1989;Yuan et al, 2009). Moreover, it was reported that, compared with sodium chloride and magnesium chloride, calcium chloride has the most negative effect on steel reinforcement (Poursaee et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Influence of chloride salt type on critical chloride content of reinforcement corrosion in concrete

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2013

Magazine of Concrete Research

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The objective of this study is to examine the influence of chloride salt type on the critical chloride content for the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete. The experiment was carried out in Portland cement concrete and concrete incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) and magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) were chosen to corrode the steel reinforcement. The initiation of pitting corrosion was detected by half-cell potential, linear polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectra methods. The critical chloride content was expressed as free chloride or total chloride by mass of binder, as well as [Cl 2 ]/[OH 2 ]. In addition, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry analyses were employed to study the products in concrete. Test results show that the chloride salt type has a marked influence on the critical chloride content. The critical chloride contents expressed as free Cl 2 for the specimens contaminated by external magnesium chloride and calcium chloride are lower than those for the specimens contaminated by external sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Contrary to the trend for free Cl 2 , the critical chloride contents expressed as total Cl 2 and [Cl 2 ]/[OH 2 ] for the specimens contaminated by external magnesium chloride and calcium chloride are higher than those for the specimens contaminated by external sodium chloride and potassium chloride.The concrete specimens contaminated by external sodium chloride have the same critical chloride content as those contaminated by external potassium chloride, regardless of the water-binder ratio, mineral admixtures, or the form of critical chloride content.

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“…Chloride levels were managed by using 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 1, and 3 M NaCl solutions as mix water, obtaining homogeneous chloride contents for all specimens (see Refs. [25,47,48]). A solution-to-solid ratio of 0.4 was considered to be the benchmark.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride adsorption by calcined layered double hydroxides in hardened Portland cement paste

Yoon

Moon

Bae

et al. 2014

Materials Chemistry and Physics

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h i g h l i g h t sWe examine the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of CLDH in the hydrated cement. CLDH capacity to bind chloride ions in the hydrated cement paste is determined. We model chloride adsorption by CLDH through the cement matrix. CLDH reforms the layered structure with ion adsorption in the cement matrix. s t r a c tThis study investigated the feasibility of using calcined layered double hydroxides (CLDHs) to prevent chloride-induced deterioration in reinforced concrete. CLDHs not only adsorbed chloride ions in aqueous solution with a memory effect but also had a much higher binding capacity than the original layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in the cement matrix. We investigated this adsorption in hardened cement paste in batch cultures to determine adsorption isotherms. The measured and theoretical binding capacities (153 mg g À1 and 257 mg g À1 , respectively) of the CLDHs were comparable to the theoretical capacity of Friedel's salt (2 mol mol À1 or 121 mg g À1 ), which belongs to the LDH family among cementitious phases. We simulated chloride adsorption by CLDHs through the cement matrix using the Fickian model and compared the simulation result to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chlorine map. Based on our results, it is proposed that the adsorption process is governed by the chloride transport through the cement matrix; this process differs from that in an aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CLDH rebuilds the layered structure in a cementitious environment, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of applying CLDHs to the cement and concrete industries.Crown

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Pore solution chemistry and corrosion in hydrated cement systems containing chloride salts: a study of cation specific effects

Cited by 78 publications

References 13 publications

Chloride in cement

Chloride in cement

Influence of chloride salt type on critical chloride content of reinforcement corrosion in concrete

Chloride adsorption by calcined layered double hydroxides in hardened Portland cement paste

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