Pore diffusion limits removal of monochloramine in treatment of swimming pool water using granular activated carbon

Skibinski, Bertram; Götze, Christoph; Worch, Eckhard; Uhl, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.060

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Many previous studies showed that the reduction of monochloramine in a fixed GAC bed can be described in sufficient detail using first order reaction kinetics (Skibinski et al, 2018;Kim, 1977;Scaramelli and Digiano, 1977;Kim and Snoeyink, 1980).…”

Section: Experimental Determination Of the Carbon Reactivity Nh 4 + Yield And N 2 Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The procedure for determining k app in fixed-bed column experiments under fully controlled conditions has been described previously by the authors (Skibinski et al, 2018). In brief, a laboratory-scale fixed-bed column with known bed volume (V bed )…”

Section: Experimental Determination Of the Carbon Reactivity Nh 4 + Yield And N 2 Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of monochloramine in the tank (c bed,in ) was kept constant during each experiment by feedback-controlled dosing (Q st ) of a highly concentrated monochloramine stock solution of 1.5 g L -1 (as Cl 2 ) (c st ). The outflow concentration of monochloramine c bed,out from the laboratory-scale fixed-bed column was indirectly calculated as described elsewhere (Skibinski et al, 2018). Identical repeated validation experiments conducted with the same system showed previously that the repeatability standard deviation of k app , a measure that describes the precision of the experimental test method, was ±0.006 s -1 (Skibinski et al, 2018).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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N2 yields from monochloramine conversion by granular activated carbons are decisive for effective swimming pool water treatment

2019

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Inorganic chloramines (mono-, di-and trichloramine) are formed in swimming pool water from the unintended reaction of free chlorine with ammonia that is introduced by bathers. Monochloramine is of particular interest as it is known to react further in pool water forming harmful DBPs, such carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). During pool water treatment with granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, monochloramine is transformed by chemical reactions on the carbon surface to N 2 and ammonia. As ammonia is led back into the pool where it is chlorinated again under the renewed formation of inorganic chloramines, it is recommended to use GACs with a high N 2 yield for monochloramine transformation in pool water treatment.In this study, yields of N 2 and ammonia from monochloramine conversion by commercially available GACs were determined using a fixed-bed reactor system under conditions that are typical for swimming pool water treatment. The N 2 yields remained constant with on-going exposure of the GAC to monochloramine and ranged from 0.5% to 21.3%, depending on the type of GAC used. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify carbon properties that can determine the N 2 yield for monochloramine conversion, such as the amount of oxygen groups, the elemental composition and the trace metal content. It was found that the N 2 yield significantly correlates with the copper content of the tested carbons.Model calculations combining pool hydraulics with formation/abatement of inorganic chloramines and NDMA as well as chloramine transformations in GAC filters showed that the concentration of inorganic chloramines and carcinogenic NDMA can be

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Section: Experimental Determination Of the Carbon Reactivity Nh 4 + Yield And N 2 Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Determination Of the Carbon Reactivity Nh 4 + Yield And N 2 Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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N2 yields from monochloramine conversion by granular activated carbons are decisive for effective swimming pool water treatment

2019

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“…It should be noted that to carry out a proper rinsing process, the DIN standard recommends the use of 4 -6 m 3 for each m 2 of filter bed. In the case of larger facilities, this generates large volumes of washings, which have the potential for re-use [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of wastewater taken from a pool water system: analysis of physicochemical and phytotoxicological parameters in terms of recyclability

Łaskawiec

2020

Proceedings of 5th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences

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The presented research focused on the possibility of reusing washings from rising filters for the maintenance of greenery. For this purpose, a physicochemical assessment of the washings was carried out, the washings were subjected to a preliminary treatment-dechlorination and sedimentation. Then, washings solutions (5-100%) were prepared in water matrices: deionized water, tap water, and rainwater, and selected physicochemical parameters were checked again. The ecotoxicological assessment was performed with the use of selected plant indicators: Lemna minor, Sinapis alba, Lepidium sativum. The stimulating effect of the addition of washings on the germination of S. alba and L. sativum was observed. This phenomenon depended on the water matrix in which the washings were dissolved and on the concentration of the washings. Moreover, L. minor was an organism with a higher sensitivity to the ingredients contained in the washings. It should be noted that the physicochemical quality of the washings was subject to changes during the study, which had a major impact on the results of the phytotoxicological assessment.

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“…The dechlorination rate is critical to evaluate the performance of the activated carbon, particularly for activated carbon filter manufacturers. Although the kinetic reaction by activated carbon for chlorimines removal was intensively studied (Sakuma et al 2015;Matsushita et al 2017;Skibinski et al 2018), the direct kinetic performance of free chlorine removal by activated carbon was not well understood. Since the free chlorine acts as a precursor to form the chlorinated DBPs, it is of great importance to study the free chlorine removal by activated carbon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical kinetics and particle size effects of activated carbon for free chlorine removal from drinking water

Meng¹,

Li²,

Zhang³

et al. 2018

Water Practice and Technology

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Activated carbon is an economic material to grab free chlorine in drinking water to reduce potential health risks. In this research, chemical kinetic reaction of the activated carbon for free chlorine removal was studied, which exhibited the first order kinetic reaction performance. A relationship between the rate of chlorinated water flowing through the activated carbon, and the free chlorine (ClO−) concentrations before and after the reduction by activated carbon was obtained. The logarithm of the free chlorine concentration (lnC) was linearly related to the reciprocal of the volume flow rate (1/v). The slope was dependant on the kinetic constant of the activated carbon dechlorination reaction. This research is beneficial for the scientists and engineers to study the mechanism of the chemical kinetic reaction of the free chlorine removal by activated carbon and design activated carbon-loaded water purification reactors.

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Pore diffusion limits removal of monochloramine in treatment of swimming pool water using granular activated carbon

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

N2 yields from monochloramine conversion by granular activated carbons are decisive for effective swimming pool water treatment

N2 yields from monochloramine conversion by granular activated carbons are decisive for effective swimming pool water treatment

Characteristics of wastewater taken from a pool water system: analysis of physicochemical and phytotoxicological parameters in terms of recyclability

Chemical kinetics and particle size effects of activated carbon for free chlorine removal from drinking water

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