Porcine Toll-like receptors: The front line of pathogen monitoring and possible implications for disease resistance

Uenishi, Hirohide; Shinkai, Hiroki

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.001

Cited by 87 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…In pigs, TLRs are the first line of defense against pathogens, and their ligands are used as vaccine adjuvants (Uenishi and Shinkai 2009). The current state of knowledge indicates that TLRs and their signaling molecules play a key role in regulating gut inflammatory processes caused by invasive pathogens (Burkey et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study

Dąbrowski¹,

Jakimiuk²,

Gajęcka³

et al. 2017

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in the world, and is capable of inducing immune disorders in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feed contaminated with DON on the number of TLR2-and TLR9-positive cells and their mRNA expression in the porcine large intestine. The experiment was conducted on two equal groups of pigs (n=4). The experimental group (E) was administered feed contaminated with DON (1008 μg/kg of feed) for 6 weeks, and the control group (C) was administered non-contaminated feed over the same period of time. A decrease in the expression of TLR2 mRNA was noted in the cecum. The percentage of TLR9-positive enterocytes increased in the ascending colon and decreased in the cecum. The results of this study indicate that DON can modify the local immune response by changing the expression of TLRs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study

Dąbrowski¹,

Jakimiuk²,

Gajęcka³

et al. 2017

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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“…In the present study, ODN 2216 or polyI:C was used as inducer of type I IFNs, according to protocols previously established for porcine cells (Wikström et al, 2007). Both ODN 2216, which activates IFN-a production via TLR9, and polyI:C, which mimics double-stranded RNA and is described to activate production of type 1 IFN via TLR3 (Uenishi & Shinkai, 2008), induced an increased RGS16 mRNA expression as determined by RT-PCR. The IFN-a response to stimulation with ODN 2216 showed a substantial variation between individuals, which could be due to either a genetic variation in the IFN-aproducing capacity (Edfors-Lilja et al, 1998) or to a polymorphism in the ligand-binding or signal-transducing domains of TLR9 (Uenishi & Shinkai, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both ODN 2216, which activates IFN-a production via TLR9, and polyI:C, which mimics double-stranded RNA and is described to activate production of type 1 IFN via TLR3 (Uenishi & Shinkai, 2008), induced an increased RGS16 mRNA expression as determined by RT-PCR. The IFN-a response to stimulation with ODN 2216 showed a substantial variation between individuals, which could be due to either a genetic variation in the IFN-aproducing capacity (Edfors-Lilja et al, 1998) or to a polymorphism in the ligand-binding or signal-transducing domains of TLR9 (Uenishi & Shinkai, 2008). Accordingly, the quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that ODN 2216 induced RGS16 expression in poPBMC but also revealed that the level of expression varied considerably between pigs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulator of G protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein

Timmusk

Merlot

Lövgren

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Interaction studies have suggested that the non-structural protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) binds specifically to a regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) related to human RGS16 (huRGS16). The full-length clone of RGS16 was generated from porcine cells and sequence analysis revealed a close relationship to huRGS16 and murine RGS16. In vitro pull-down experiments verified an interaction between porcine RGS16 (poRGS16) and ORF3 from PCV2. Using GST-linked ORF3 proteins from three different genogroups of PCV2 and from porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in the pull-down experiments indicated that there were differences in their ability to bind poRGS16. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of poRGS16 mRNA could be induced by a number of cell activators including mitogens (LPS and PHA), interferon inducers (ODN 2216 and poly I : C) and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Immunofluorescence labelling confirmed the induced expression of poRGS16 at the protein level and suggested that the PCV2 ORF3 protein colocalized with poRGS16 in LPS-activated porcine PBMC. Furthermore, poRGS16 appeared to participate in the translocation of the ORF3 protein into the cell nucleus, suggesting that the observed interaction may play an important role in the infection biology of porcine circovirus. INTRODUCTIONCircoviruses, belonging to the family Circoviridae and encompassing avian and porcine pathogens (Todd et al., 2001), are non-enveloped, single-stranded, circular DNA viruses, with similarities to the anelloviruses, viruses with unknown pathogenicity that are not yet assigned to any family (Biagini, 2004;Todd et al., 2005). Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) is not known to cause any disease, whereas infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with a number of disease syndromes (Allan et al., 1999;Harding, 2004; Segalés et al., 2004;Opriessnig et al., 2007). Of these, it is generally accepted that postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by PCV2, but only if other, still not fully specified, infectious or environmental co-factors are present. The lymphoid organs of pigs with severe PMWS are depleted of lymphoid cells and infiltrated by cells of the myeloid lineage. Consequently, PMWS is associated with a suppression of the host immune response and affected animals are more susceptible to secondary infections (Chae, 2005; Segalés et al., 2005).The genome of PCV2 is among the smallest (1769 nt) of all known viruses and appears to have only four major open reading frames, ORFs 1-4 (Meehan et al., 1998). ORF1 encodes two replicase proteins (Rep and Rep9), corresponding to two different splicing products, and ORF2 encodes a structural protein forming the viral capsid (Cap). The proteins encoded by ORF3 and 4 have to date not been assigned any clear function and it has not been fully proven that these putative polypeptides are expressed in infected cells. However, their overall presence and conserved amino acid composition indicate that th...

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“…Several reviews and reports have shown that they are involved in the resistance or susceptibility to some diseases [6,13,17,21]. As draft sequencing of the pig genome has recently been finalized [2], the functional analysis of each gene, such as of SNPs related with diseases, has become an important direction for post-genome research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As draft sequencing of the pig genome has recently been finalized [2], the functional analysis of each gene, such as of SNPs related with diseases, has become an important direction for post-genome research. TLRs are one of the most promising targets for the functional analysis because they are the pattern-recognition receptors for pathogen-derived molecules in the front-line of the host defense [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Allele-Specific Primer PCR for a Swine TLR2 SNP and Comparison of the Frequency among Several Pig Breeds of Japan and the Czech Republic

Muneta

Minagawa

Kusumoto

et al. 2012

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. In the present study, we have developed an allele-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (ASP-PCR) for genotyping a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of swine Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) (C406G), which is related to the prevalence of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. We also compared the allele frequency among several pig breeds of Japan and the Czech Republic. Allele-specific primers were constructed by introducing 1-base mismatch sequence before the SNP site. The swine TLR2 C406G mutation was successfully determined by the ASP-PCR using genomic DNA samples in Japan as previously genotyped by a sequencing method. Using the PCR condition determined, genomic DNA samples from pig blood obtained from 110 pigs from 7 different breeds in the Czech Republic were genotyped by the ASP-PCR. The genotyping results from the ASP-PCR were completely matched with the results from the sequencing method. The allele frequency of the swine TLR2 C406G mutation was 27.5% in the Czech Republic and 3.6% in Japan. The C406G mutation was only found in the Landrace breed in Japan, and was almost exclusively found in the Landrace breed in the Czech Republic as well. These results indicated the usefulness of ASP-PCR for detecting a specific SNP for swine TLR2.

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Porcine Toll-like receptors: The front line of pathogen monitoring and possible implications for disease resistance

Cited by 87 publications

References 122 publications

Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study

Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study

Regulator of G protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein

Development of Allele-Specific Primer PCR for a Swine TLR2 SNP and Comparison of the Frequency among Several Pig Breeds of Japan and the Czech Republic

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