Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Host Innate Immune Response

Li, Shasha; Yang, Jinping; Zhu, Zixiang; Zheng, Haixue

doi:10.3390/pathogens9050367

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 234 publications

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“…A limitation of the current study is the lack of an analysis of the possible diarrhea-bytreatment interactions, although evidence has shown the interaction of host immune and diarrhea in humans and animals [23][24][25]. In the present study, it was well established that probiotics interacted with the host by modulating gut macrobiotic composition, altering nutrient metabolism in the intestine, or directly improving intestinal barrier function [26,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-9 as an Alternative Approach to Cure Diarrhea in Saanen Kids

Zhang

Xin

Jiang

et al. 2021

Animals

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Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-9 (GBacillus-9), derived from the intestinal tract of the white-spotted bamboo shark, secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the role of GBacillus-9 in the prevention and treatment of Saanen kids with diarrhea was assessed. Six healthy kids (HL) and six kids with diarrhea (DL) were selected. All kids were fed with 0.3% (w/v) GBacillus-9 (spray power) in raw milk for two weeks. The proportion of kids with diarrhea decreased gradually as the trial progressed, and 100% DL kids were cured at day 15. GBacillus-9 increased the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-6 concentration (p < 0.05). The amplicon sequencing analysis of the fecal bacterial community revealed that the fecal microbiota was remarkably different between the HL and the DL groups at day 0. After two weeks of feeding with GBacillus-9, no significant difference in fecal microbiota was observed between HL and DL groups at the phylum level. GBacillus-9 restored the intestinal microbial disorder associated with serum immunoglobulin and interleukin concentration. Correlation analysis showed that GBacillus-9 altered globulin and interleukin concentration and that immunoglobulin was associated with Firmicutes. Collectively, our results revealed that GBacillus-9 improved the gut health of kids by improving microbial homeostasis

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-9 as an Alternative Approach to Cure Diarrhea in Saanen Kids

Zhang

Xin

Jiang

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…It was initially reported in the United Kingdom and Belgium in the early 1970s, and a highly pathogenic variant strain was identified in 2010, which caused high morbidity of up to 100% in piglets. The threat of PEDV has been constant since then ( 8 – 10 ). With the lack of a basic understanding of PEDV infection and the emergence of highly pathogenic strains of PEDV, current antiviral therapeutic strategies cannot provide complete protection for PEDV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Dissection of the Endocytosis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus Cooperatively Mediated by Clathrin and Caveolae as Visualized by Single-Virus Tracking

Wang

Hou

et al. 2021

mBio

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe diseases in humans and animals. Endocytic pathways, such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CavME), play an important role for CoVs to penetrate the cell membrane barrier. In this study, a novel CoV entry manner is unraveled in which clathrin and caveolae can cooperatively mediate endocytosis of porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV). Using multicolor live-cell imaging, the dynamics of the fluorescently labeled clathrin structures, caveolae structures, and PEDV were dissected. During CavME of PEDV, we found that clathrin structures can fuse with caveolae near the cell plasma membrane, and the average time of PEDV penetrating the cell membrane was within ∼3 min, exhibiting a rapid course of PEDV entry. Moreover, based on the dynamic recruitment of clathrin and caveolae structures and viral motility, the direct evidence also shows that about 20% of PEDVs can undergo an abortive entry via CME and CavME. Additionally, the dynamic trafficking of PEDV from clathrin and caveolae structures to early endosomes, and from early endosomes to late endosomes, and viral fusion were directly dissected, and PEDV fusion mainly occurred in late endosomes within ∼6.8 min after the transport of PEDV to late endosomes. Collectively, this work systematically unravels the early steps of PEDV infection, which expands our understanding of the mechanism of CoV infection. IMPORTANCE Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause serious human and animal epidemics worldwide. For many enveloped viruses, including coronavirus, it is evident that breaking the plasma membrane barrier is a pivotal and complex process, which contains multiple dynamic steps. Although great efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms of coronavirus endocytic pathways, the direct real-time imaging of individual porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) internalization has not been achieved yet. In this study, we not only dissected the kinetics of PEDV entry via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis and the kinetics of endosome trafficking and viral fusion but also found a novel productive coronavirus entry manner in which clathrin and caveolae can cooperatively mediate endocytosis of PEDV. Moreover, we uncovered the existence of PEDV abortive endocytosis. In summary, the productive PEDV entry via the cooperation between clathrin and caveolae structures and the abortive endocytosis of PEDV provide new insights into coronavirus penetrating the plasma membrane barrier.

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“…Recent reports showed that the S protein, the N protein and the accessory ORF3 protein also play an important role in regulating the virulence of PEDV strains and can cause severe damage by evading host immune mechanisms (Zhang & Yoo, 2016;Kim et al, 2020;Li et al, 2020). The N protein is identified as a multifunctional region and participating in many stages in viral replication and regulating functions of PEDV (Zuniga et al, 2010;Liwnaree et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the spike and nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in Vietnam—a molecular potential for the vaccine development?

Tran¹,

Liên

Thu³

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a dangerous virus causing large piglet losses. PEDV spread rapidly between pig farms and caused the death of up to 90% of infected piglets. Current vaccines are only partially effective in providing immunity to suckling due to the rapid dissemination and ongoing evolution of PEDV. Methods In this study, the complete genome of a PEDV strain in Vietnam 2018 (IBT/VN/2018 strain) has been sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of each fragment was assembled to build a continuous complete sequence using the DNASTAR program. The complete nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of S, N, and ORF3 genes were aligned and analyzed to detect the mutations. Results The full-length genome was determined with 28,031 nucleotides in length which consisted of the 5′UTR, ORF1ab, S protein, ORF3, E protein, M protein, N protein, and 3′UTR region. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the IBT/VN/2018 strain was highly virulent belonged to the G2b subgroup along with the Northern American and Asian S-INDEL strains. Multiple sequence alignment of deduced amino acids revealed numerous mutations in the S, N, and ORF3 regions including one substitution 766P > L766 in the epitope SS6; two in the S0subdomain (135DN136 > 135SI136 and N144> D144); two in subdomain SHR1 at aa 1009L > M1009 and 1089S > L1089; one at aa 1279P > S1279 in subdomain SHR2 of the S protein; two at aa 364N > I364 and 378N > S378 in the N protein; four at aa 25L > S25, 70I > V70, 107C > F107, and 168D > N168 in the ORF3 protein. We identified two insertions (at aa 59NQGV62 and aa 145N) and one deletion (at aa 168DI169) in S protein. Remarkable, eight amino acid substitutions (294I > M294, 318A > S318, 335V > I335, 361A > T361, 497R > T497, 501SH502 > 501IY502, 506I > T506, 682V > I682, and 777P > L777) were found in SA subdomain. Besides, N- and O-glycosylation analysis of S, N, and ORF3 protein reveals three known sites (25G+, 123N+, and 62V+) and three novel sites (144D+, 1009M+, and 1279L+) in the IBT/VN/2018 strain compared with the vaccine strains. Taken together, the results showed that mutations in the S, N, and ORF3 genes can affect receptor specificity, viral pathogenicity, and the ability to evade the host immune system of the IBT/VN/2018 strain. Our results highlight the importance of molecular characterization of field strains of PEDV for the development of an effective vaccine to control PEDV infections in Vietnam.

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Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Host Innate Immune Response

Cited by 44 publications

References 234 publications

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-9 as an Alternative Approach to Cure Diarrhea in Saanen Kids

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-9 as an Alternative Approach to Cure Diarrhea in Saanen Kids

Dynamic Dissection of the Endocytosis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus Cooperatively Mediated by Clathrin and Caveolae as Visualized by Single-Virus Tracking

Changes in the spike and nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in Vietnam—a molecular potential for the vaccine development?

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