Porcine Circovirus

Abstract

Porcine circovirus (PCV) infections associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) are characterized by weight loss, respiratory distress, jaundice, etc. Although PCV2 infection is ubiquitous, the prevalence of clinical disease is lower and the most common form is PCV2 subclinical infection. Recently, a novel porcine circovirus (PCV3) has been identified in pigs in the USA that is associated with porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome, acute myocarditis and multisystemic inflammation, etc. Genetic heterogeneity of PCV2 has been studied in Indian pig population. Different genotypes like PCV2a-2D, PCV2b-1C, PCV2d and recombinant strain between PCV2a-2C and PCV2b-1C are reported from different studies. PCV2 has been discovered in human faeces, human vaccines and beef. But its pathogenicity in humans is not clear. PCV detection is based on common golden standard techniques including nucleic acid and antigen detection in the tissues, in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal or polyclonal antibody against PCV2, respectively. The commercial vaccines available are effective in reducing the severity of clinical diseases and improving production parameters. Recently, antiviral compounds have also shown promising results against PCV2. This chapter summarizes aetiology, epidemiology, transmission, immunopathobiology, diagnosis, prevention and control of porcine circovirus.

Genomic Diversity of CRESS DNA Viruses in the Eukaryotic Virome of Swine Feces

“…Although porcine circoviruses are highly prevalent [ 9 ], only traces of Porcine circovirus 2 sequences could be found in some study samples. Unfortunately, no information was available as to whether the animals were vaccinated against this pathogen in that herd.…”

“…Although these families include a continuously expanding number of viruses, only a few of those have been proved to be pathogenic. One of the known porcine circoviruses, Porcine circovirus 2 , is associated with multisystemic diseases in swine, posing threat to swine herds and losses for the breeders [ 9 ]. Besides that, both classified and unclassified CRESS DNA viruses have been identified in fecal samples of both healthy and diseased pigs [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

“…One of the known porcine circoviruses, Porcine circovirus 2 , is associated with multisystemic diseases in swine, posing threat to swine herds and losses for the breeders [ 9 ]. Besides that, both classified and unclassified CRESS DNA viruses have been identified in fecal samples of both healthy and diseased pigs [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The microbial community of the swine intestine is highly complex, and, as of now, very little is known about how the viruses, including these non-classified porcine-associated CRESS DNA viruses, interact with host cells and other microbes.…”

Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs

“…Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) single-stranded DNA viruses that belong to the genus Circovirus under the family Circoviridae [ 87 ] . Four types of PCVs have been described: PCV-1, PCV-2, PCV-3 and PCV-4 [ 88 ].…”

Myeloid to Erythroid (M: E) ratio in the evaluation of bone marrow cytology of Porcine Circovirus type 2 affected pigs

“…They are PCV-2-systemic disease (PCV-2-SD), PCV-2reproductive disease (PCV-2-RD) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), which are now recognised as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) or porcine circovirusassociated diseases (PCVAD) (Segalés, 2012;Correa-Fiz et al, 2020). The PCV-2 infection is considered as an immunosuppressive disease with devastating effects on global swine farming (Saikumar and Das, 2019). The infected animals expressed clinical signs such as wasting, diarrhoea, unthriftiness, pallor, respiratory distress and icterus (Rossell et al, 1999).…”