Population structures of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica the causative agents of kala-azar in Southwest Iran

Ghatee, Mohammad Amin; Mirhendi, Hossein; Karamian, Mehdi; Taylor, Walter; Sharifi, Iraj; Hosseinzadeh, Massood; Kanannejad, Zahra

doi:10.1007/s00436-018-6041-1

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…In Iran, viscerotropic disease was first reported in 2006 in a patient from southwestern Iran, and more cases have since been reported from several regions in Iran (23,69). The frequencies of L. tropica-associated VL were 1.4% in 1993-1994 (69); 9% of bone marrow samples in patients were from southeast provinces (72) and 14% of patients were from southwest Iran (17).…”

Section: Tropica and Vlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are genetic similarities between northwest Iranian L. infantum strains and hybrid strains of L. infantum/L. donovani in Cukurova in southeast Turkey (17). The recent arrival of refugees from Syria will add additional genetic heterogeneity to the L. tropica genetic pool in Turkey (86).…”

Section: Distribution Of CL and Related Causative Agents In The Neighmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Without specific treatment, self-healing is generally longer compared to L. major and may last up to 1 year or more (2). Several cases of kala-azar by L. tropica have been reported from several countries, including India and Iran (16,17), illustrating its propensity for invasive pathogenicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review

Ghatee

Taylor

Karamian

2020

Front. Public Health

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Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major are both the main cause of anthroponotic (ACL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), respectively, in the Old World. Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani, which are important causes of visceral leishmaniasis, have also occasionally been reported in CL patients. The present study investigates the current distribution of causative species of CL in Iran and neighboring countries in the Middle East. There has been expansion of L. tropica into new urban and rural foci in Iran, with well-documented cases of visceralization, a substantial increase of CL in Syria, and the emergence of new foci and outbreaks in Turkey and Iraq, especially due to L. major. Civil war in Syria and Iraq, population movement, poverty, and climatic change play important roles in the changing CL distribution in this region. Control programs should adopt a multidisciplinary approach based on active surveillance and case finding, especially in vulnerable refugee populations, determination of hazard maps for CL hot points using GIS and other advanced technology, the free distribution of drugs, rodent control, and greater community engagement in poor and marginalized populations. Comprehensive molecular studies that could show the species and strains of Leishmania in different areas of each country can give a better view from the distribution of CL in this region.

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Section: Tropica and Vlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distribution Of CL and Related Causative Agents In The Neighmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review

Ghatee

Taylor

Karamian

2020

Front. Public Health

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“…Although the estimated incidence of the disease is 300–600 individuals (Alvar et al, ), new epidemiological changes have been reported in Iran. According to the increasing number of viscerotropic cases, L. tropica , the most important aetiological agent of anthroponotic CL (ACL), has been recently known as the second aetiological agent of VL in this country (Ghatee, Mirhendi, et al, ). Also, new emerging foci of ZVL have been found in western and north‐eastern parts of the country (Fakhar et al, ; Hamzavi et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geo‐climatic factors in a newly emerging focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of north‐eastern Iran

Ghatee

Fakhar

Derakhshani-Niya

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the fatal form of leishmaniasis. A newly emerging focus of zoonotic VL (ZVL) including 13 villages has been reported from Maraveh Tappeh County, Golestan province, north‐eastern Iran. We investigated the effect of climatic and environmental factors on the occurrence of disease in this focus by geographical information systems (GIS) approaches and logistic regression models. The incidence rate of ZVL in human and dog population was estimated 1.2% and 27.3%, respectively, in the studied areas. Rock soil type (OR = 11.7), rainfall (OR = 1.04) and elevation (OR = 0.99) were found as determinants of ZVL. Also, almost all infected villages were in close proximity of rivers. Cavities of rock soil around rivers are assumed as suitable areas for sandfly resting and growth by providing shadow and moisture. Rainfall also provides appropriate moisture in semi‐arid regions for survival of sandflies. The negative effect of higher altitude can be explained by some sandfly life‐limiting conditions like freezing weather. Accordingly, regions with lower altitude and higher rainfall, covered by rock and in close proximity of rivers, are the hazard zones for ZVL in the Maraveh Tappeh. Air humidity, temperature, land cover type and slope were not predictors of disease in the current study. Further investigations on human population movement, probable reservoirs and vectors of disease can provide valuable data for modelling the future distribution of ZVL in the Iranian province.

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“…Based on previous studies in the province, it could be expected that L. major is the predominant species in the area. On the other hand, the traits of Tatera indica (reservoir) and Phlebotomus papatasi (vector) in the area, as well as various documentations from Khuzestan province, implicate this province along with Ilam and Bushehr provinces as the most highlighted regions for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran (3,(25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Causative Agents of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Patients Using PCR-RFLP Method in Dasht-e-Azadegan County, Southwest of Iran, in 2016

Khazael

Saki

Arjmand

2019

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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Background: As a neglected disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis renders considerable incidence rates. Eastern Mediterranean countries such as Iran are endemic for this infection. Objectives: Herein, we determined the species/strains of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dasht-e-Azadegan, Khuzestan, Iran, using PCR-RFLP in 2016. Methods: We microscopically examined 80 smear slides from suspected patients referring to health centers of the city. After DNA extraction from slide materials, the amplification of the ITS1 fragment was done using the LITSR and L5.8S primer pair for Leishmania molecular detection. Subsequently, HaeIII (species level), TaqI (strain level), DpnI, and HpaII (mutation analysis) digestion was exerted based on the RFLP method. Results: Microscopic examination revealed the amastigote forms of Leishmania in all 80 samples. A 350 bp band was amplified by ITS1-PCR, which confirmed the infection at the molecular level. Following HaeIII digestion, 150 and 200 bp fragments were produced indicating Leishmania major. Also, TaqI digestion rendered 130 and 200 bp bands suggesting the A1 strain. Moreover, no mutations were detected in the genome of the identified L. major A1 strains by DpnI (140 and 200 bp bands) and HpaII (no digestion) digestion. Conclusions: The genotypic heterogeneity of Leishmania species is of utmost importance for better treatment choices, appropriate diagnosis, and preventive measures. Future work in the area should address the parasite strains in alternative vector/reservoir hosts.

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Population structures of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica the causative agents of kala-azar in Southwest Iran

Cited by 17 publications

References 58 publications

The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review

The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review

Geo‐climatic factors in a newly emerging focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of north‐eastern Iran

Genotyping of Causative Agents of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Patients Using PCR-RFLP Method in Dasht-e-Azadegan County, Southwest of Iran, in 2016

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