Population Structure of the South West Indian Ocean Islands: Implications for Precision Medicine

Abstract

Precision medicine has brought new hopes for patients around the world with the applications of novel technologies for understanding genetics of complex diseases and their translation into clinical services. Such applications however require a foundation of skills, knowledge and infrastructure to translate genetics for health care. The crucial element is no doubt the availability of genomics data for the target populations, which is seriously lacking for most parts of Africa. We discuss here why it is vital to prioritize genomics data for the South West Indian Ocean region where a mosaic of ethnicities co-exist. The islands of the SWIO, which comprise Madagascar, La Reunion, Mauritius, Seychelles and Comoros, have been the scene for major explorations and trade since the 17th century being on the route to Asia. This part of the world has lived through active passage of slaves from East Africa to Arabia and further. Today’s demography of the islands is a diverse mix of ancestries including European, African and Asian. The extent of admixtures has yet to be resolved. Except for a few studies in Madagascar, there is very little published data on human genetics for these countries. Isolation and small population sizes have likely resulted in reduced genetic variation and possible founder effects. There is a significant prevalence of diabetes, particularly in individuals of Indian descent, while breast and prostate cancers are on the rise. The island of La Reunion is a French overseas territory with a high standard of health care and close ties to Mauritius. Its demography is comparable to that of Mauritius but with a predominantly mixed population and a smaller proportion of people of Indian descent. On the other hand, Madagascar’s African descendants inhabit mostly the lower coastal zones of the West and South regions, while the upper highlands are occupied by peoples of mixed African-Indonesian ancestries. Historical records confirm the Austronesian contribution to the Madagascar genomes. With the rapid progress in genomic medicine, there is a growing demand for sequencing services in the clinical settings to explore the incidence of variants in candidate disease genes and other markers. Genome sequence data has become a priority in order to understand the population sub-structures and to identify specific pathogenic variants among the different groups of inhabitants on the islands. Genomic data is increasingly being used to advise families at risk and propose diagnostic screening measures to enhance the success of therapies. This paper discusses the complexity of the islands’ populations and argues for the needs for genotyping and understanding the genetic factors associated with disease risks. The benefits to patients and improvement in health services through a concerted regional effort are depicted. Some private patients are having recourse to external facilities for molecular profiling with no return of data for research. Evidence of disease variants through sequencing represents a valuable source of medical data that can guide policy decisions at the national level. There are presently no such records for future implementation of strategies for genomic medicine.

Personalizing medicine in Africa: current state, progress and challenges

“…To effectively utilize next-generation sequencing and other innovative technologies in personalized medicine, it is crucial to have a solid foundation of skills, knowledge, and infrastructure to effectively apply genetic information in healthcare ( Ghoorah et al, 2021 ). Concerted efforts must be put in place in terms of capacity building to create a significant pool of bioinformaticians for biomedical data analysis and provision of genomic medicine training programs for healthcare professionals ( Goetz and Schork, 2018 ).…”

“…The scientific basis underlying the concept of personalized medicine is that individual-level genomic information can be investigated and used significantly in clinical usage as well as in providing strategies for public health policies, See Figure 1 . The concept underlying individualized healthcare has become a source of great hope to treat many complex diseases, including cancer ( Ghoorah et al, 2021 ; Hasanzad et al, 2021 ). This concept might help Africans in overcoming many diseases that are related to the African continent.…”