Population Structure and Properties of
            <i>Candida albicans</i>
            , as Determined by Multilocus Sequence Typing

Tavanti, Arianna; Davidson, Amanda Denise; Fordyce, Mark John; Gow, Neil A. R.; Maiden, Martin C. J.; Odds, Frank C.

doi:10.1128/jcm.43.11.5601-5613.2005

Cited by 169 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This species shows a very clear near-clading pattern (Tibayrenc and Ayala, 2012), corroborated by several genetic markers, with strong links with phenotypes (drug resistance, pathogenicity) (Ch avez- Galarza et al, 2010;McManus and Coleman, 2014;Tavanti et al, 2005). Worldwidedistributed major clades are subdivided into various minor clades (RD pattern) (McManus and Coleman, 2014;Tavanti et al, 2005). Recombination is rare among and within clades (McManus and Coleman, 2014).…”

Section: Fungi and Yeastsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Is Predominant Clonal Evolution a Common Evolutionary Adaptation to Parasitism in Pathogenic Parasitic Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses?

Tibayrenc

Ayala

2017

Advances in Parasitology

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Section: Fungi and Yeastsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Is Predominant Clonal Evolution a Common Evolutionary Adaptation to Parasitism in Pathogenic Parasitic Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses?

Tibayrenc

Ayala

2017

Advances in Parasitology

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“…has furthermore been delineated into a number of well-defined genetic subgroups, also referred to as clades [16][17][18][19]. While antifungal resistance has been demonstrated to occur more frequently among clade II and clade SA isolates [20,21], conclusive evidence has yet to emerge of hyper-virulent strains through the use of accepted DNA fingerprinting techniques with high discriminatory power [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Histological Association Between Candida albicans from Oral Soft Tissue and Carious Dentine of HIV-Positive Children

Blignaut

Heerden

2015

Mycopathologia

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Abstractand caries are frequently investigated among healthy and immunosuppressed individuals. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the presence of on both oral soft and hard tissue and to investigate, at molecular level, the genetic subtype of the organism from the two oral sites. Tongue swabs and dentine scrapings from 362 HIV-positive children, referred for extraction of carious primary teeth, were cultured on CHROMagar and identified to species level with ID32C. Histological staining of extracted carious teeth was also done. In patients with positive cultures from both the tongue and carious dentine, DNA fingerprinting of such paired isolates were performed, using Southern blot hybridisation with the Ca3 probe. Yeasts were cultured from the tongue of 151 (41.7%) individuals and 57 (37.7%) simultaneously yielded positive cultures from carious dentine. Nine different yeast spp. were identified from the tongue using the ID32C commercial system but was the only species recovered from carious dentine and histological investigation demonstrated fungal elements penetrated into the dentine and not limited to superficial debris on the floor of the cavity. Twelve of 13 paired isolates of revealed identical fingerprinting patterns. The findings from this study demonstrated that in a particular individual, the same genetic subtype of was capable of colonizing both oral soft tissue and carious dentine. This renders carious teeth a constant source, or reservoir, of potentially infectious agents and, particularly among immunosuppressed individuals, should therefore not be left unattended.

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“…The 10 strains used for mating experiments are listed in Table 1. They were chosen (Holland and Schmid 2005) from a collection of 266 infection-causing isolates from 12 geographical regions in 6 countries (Schmid et al 1999) so that 5 represented the GPG group (equivalent to clade 1; Schmid et al 1999;Tavanti et al 2005a;Odds et al 2007) and 5 the remainder of the species. The strains had not been extensively subcultured after their isolation from patients and were revived from glycerol stocks for these experiments.…”

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confidence: 99%

Selective Advantages of a Parasexual Cycle for the YeastCandida albicans

Zhang

Magee

et al. 2015

Genetics

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The yeast Candida albicans can mate. However, in the natural environment mating may generate progeny (fusants) fitter than clonal lineages too rarely to render mating biologically significant: C. albicans has never been observed to mate in its natural environment, the human host, and the population structure of the species is largely clonal. It seems incapable of meiosis, and most isolates are diploid and carry both mating-type-like (MTL) locus alleles, preventing mating. Only chromosome loss or localized loss of heterozygosity can generate mating-competent cells, and recombination of parental alleles is limited. To determine if mating is a biologically significant process, we investigated if mating is under selection. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations in mating genes and the frequency of mutations abolishing mating indicated that mating is under selection. The MTL locus is located on chromosome 5, and when we induced chromosome 5 loss in 10 clinical isolates, most of the resulting MTL-homozygotes could mate with each other, producing fusants. In laboratory culture, a novel environment favoring novel genotypes, some fusants grew faster than their parents, in which loss of heterozygosity had reduced growth rates, and also faster than their MTL-heterozygous ancestors-albeit often only after serial propagation. In a small number of experiments in which co-inoculation of an oral colonization model with MTL-homozygotes yielded small numbers of fusants, their numbers declined over time relative to those of the parents. Overall, our results indicate that mating generates genotypes superior to existing MTL-heterozygotes often enough to be under selection.KEYWORDS Candida albicans; mating; parasexual cycle; cryptic sexual cycle S EX is costly and disrupts well-adapted allele combinations. It can also be advantageous by speeding up adaptation or by purging deleterious mutations. It has been difficult to establish how, precisely, these and other benefits outweigh the cost of sex. Indeed, abandoning sex in favor of clonal reproduction can be advantageousasexual species arise frequently. Their life spans are short, however, indicating that sex may be essential for the long-term survival of species (Otto and Lenormand 2002;Rice 2002).Sexual cycles have not been observed for 20% of fungal species (Carlile et al. 2001). Whether these species are truly asexual or merely restrict the frequency of sex-a strategy believed to maximize its benefits (Heitman 2006)-is difficult to determine. Genetic marker distributions in such species often suggest limited recombination (Carlile et al. 2001). However, clonal reproduction will initially copy the genetic marker distributions that were generated by sex, and new mutations and genetic drift will only slowly erase evidence of past recombination (Schmid et al. 2004;Cox et al. 2013). With rare exceptions, fungi without observable sexual cycles are derived from recent sexual ancestors (Carlile et al. 2001;Schmid et al. 2004;Butler 2007). Thus genetic marker distributi...

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Population Structure and Properties of Candida albicans , as Determined by Multilocus Sequence Typing

Cited by 169 publications

References 49 publications

Is Predominant Clonal Evolution a Common Evolutionary Adaptation to Parasitism in Pathogenic Parasitic Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses?

Is Predominant Clonal Evolution a Common Evolutionary Adaptation to Parasitism in Pathogenic Parasitic Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses?

Molecular and Histological Association Between Candida albicans from Oral Soft Tissue and Carious Dentine of HIV-Positive Children

Selective Advantages of a Parasexual Cycle for the YeastCandida albicans

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