Population genetics, conservation and evolution in salmonids and other widely cultured fishes: some perspectives over six decades

Utter, Fred M.

doi:10.1007/s11160-004-3768-9

Cited by 65 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…System-wide genetic structure Salmonids are known for their ability to generate and maintain population structure, at least in stable environments (Utter 2004). Despite dramatic population fluctuations in recent history, we observed statistically significant differentiation among major spawning sites in the MFSR, with almost every tributary having a genetically distinct population even at distances of less than 5 km.…”

Section: System-wide Genetic Diversity and Tests For Bottlenecksmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Most Pacific salmon are anadromous, with the majority of individuals undertaking long-distance migrations to feed for one or several years in the ocean before returning to their natal stream to spawn through a behavior known as 'homing' (Quinn 1993). Migration in salmonids may facilitate 'straying' (dispersal from the natal site for breeding), which may act to homogenize populations genetically (Hansen and Mensberg 1998;Ford 2004; but see Utter 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microsatellite variation reveals weak genetic structure and retention of genetic variability in threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within a Snake River watershed

et al. 2006

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Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) have been central to the development of management concepts associated with evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), yet there are still relatively few studies of genetic diversity within threatened and endangered ESUs for salmon or other species. We analyzed genetic variation at 10 microsatellite loci to evaluate spatial population structure and genetic variability in indigenous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) across a large wilderness basin within a Snake River ESU. Despite dramatic 20th century declines in abundance, these populations retained robust levels of genetic variability. No significant genetic bottlenecks were found, although the bottleneck metric (M ratio) was significantly correlated with average population size and variability. Weak but significant genetic structure existed among tributaries despite evidence of high levels of gene flow, with the strongest genetic differentiation mirroring the physical segregation of fish from two sub-basins. Despite the more recent colonization of one sub-basin and differences between sub-basins in the natural level of fragmentation, gene diversity and genetic differentiation were similar between sub-basins. Various factors, such as the (unknown) genetic contribution of precocial males, genetic compensation, lack of hatchery influence, and high levels of current gene flow may have contributed to the persistence of genetic variability in this system in spite of historical declines. This unique study of indigenous Chinook salmon underscores the importance of maintaining natural populations in interconnected and complex habitats to minimize losses of genetic diversity within ESUs.

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Section: System-wide Genetic Diversity and Tests For Bottlenecksmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsatellite variation reveals weak genetic structure and retention of genetic variability in threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within a Snake River watershed

et al. 2006

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“…Such research may also help to reveal why escaped farmed salmonids can outcompete wild salmonids in freshwater stages but then fare poorly in the ocean (see McGinnity et al, 2003), or why nonanadromous salmonids have had greater overall success when introduced to nonnative environments than anadromous ones (e.g. Utter, 2004;Quinn, 2005). Buchanan et al, 1983;Hemmingsen et al, 1986).…”

Section: Agents Of and Traits Under Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extent and scale of local adaptation in salmonid fishes: review and meta-analysis

et al. 2011

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What is the extent and scale of local adaptation (LA)? How quickly does LA arise? And what is its underlying molecular basis? Our review and meta-analysis on salmonid fishes estimates the frequency of LA to be B55-70%, with local populations having a 1.2 times average fitness advantage relative to foreign populations or to their performance in new environments. Salmonid LA is evident at a variety of spatial scales (for example, few km to41000 km) and can manifest itself quickly (6-30 generations). As the geographic scale between populations increases, LA is generally more frequent and stronger. Yet the extent of LA in salmonids does not appear to differ from that in other assessed taxa. Moreover, the frequency with which foreign salmonid populations outperform local populations (B23-35%) suggests that drift, gene flow and plasticity often limit or mediate LA. The relatively few studies based on candidate gene and genomewide analyses have identified footprints of selection at both small and large geographical scales, likely reflecting the specific functional properties of loci and the associated selection regimes (for example, local niche partitioning, pathogens, parasites, photoperiodicity and seasonal timing). The molecular basis of LA in salmonids is still largely unknown, but differential expression at the same few genes is implicated in the convergent evolution of certain phenotypes. Collectively, future research will benefit from an integration of classical and molecular approaches to understand: (i) species differences and how they originate, (ii) variation in adaptation across scales, life stages, population sizes and environmental gradients, and (iii) evolutionary responses to human activities.

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“…Among the necessary design features were an ecosystem approach, ecologically realistic enhancement objectives, a willingness to modify or abandon damaging approaches, and a program of monitoring capable of detecting both positive and negative enhancement effects. Considerable concern has been expressed about inadvertent selection in hatcheries for genotypes and phenotypes that are not well suited for life in the wild (e.g., Utter 2004). Used judiciously to encourage diversity and to help sustain metapopulation structure, rather than as a form of production aquaculture, however, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art2/ …”

Section: Enhancing Populations To Sustain and Increase Life-history Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilient Salmon, Resilient Fisheries for British Columbia, Canada

Healey¹

2009

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Salmon are inherently resilient species. However, this resiliency has been undermined in British Columbia by a century of centralized, command-and-control management focused initially on maximizing yield and, more recently, on economic efficiency. Community and cultural resiliency have also been undermined, especially by the recent emphasis on economic efficiency, which has concentrated access in the hands of a few and has disenfranchised fishery-dependent communities. Recent declines in both salmon stocks and salmon prices have revealed the systemic failure of the current management system. If salmon and their fisheries are to become viable again, radically new management policies are needed. For the salmon species, the emphasis must shift from maximizing yield to restoring resilience; for salmon fisheries, the emphasis must shift from maximizing economic efficiency to maximizing community and cultural resilience. For the species, an approach is needed that integrates harvest management, habitat management, and habitat enhancement to sustain and enhance resilience. This is best achieved by giving fishing and aboriginal communities greater responsibility and authority to manage the fisheries on which they depend. Co-management arrangements that involve cooperative ownership of major multistock resources like the Fraser River and Skeena River fisheries and community-based quota management of smaller fisheries provide ways to put species conservation much more directly in the hands of the communities most dependent on the well-being and resilience of these fisheries.

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Population genetics, conservation and evolution in salmonids and other widely cultured fishes: some perspectives over six decades

Cited by 65 publications

References 53 publications

Microsatellite variation reveals weak genetic structure and retention of genetic variability in threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within a Snake River watershed

Microsatellite variation reveals weak genetic structure and retention of genetic variability in threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) within a Snake River watershed

Extent and scale of local adaptation in salmonid fishes: review and meta-analysis

Resilient Salmon, Resilient Fisheries for British Columbia, Canada

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