Population genetic analyses of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus using HLA allele frequencies

Abstract

In order to try to detect heterogeneity within insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and to distinguish a mode of inheritance of IDDM, population genetic analyses were performed using HLA allele frequencies. HLA‐A and ‐B typing performed on 231 IDDM individuals and 268 controls from the southeastern U.S. showed significant increases with IDDM in A2, B8, B15 and B18, and significant decreases in Aw23, B7, B14 and B17. The combination of HLA‐B8/B15 showed a greatly increased risk (RR = 25.5). Between the 120 IDDM individuals and 123 controls HLA‐DR typed, HLA‐DR3 and ‐DR4 were significantly increased among the IDDM group and DR2 and DR7 were decreased. The risk for DR3/4 was 29.2. It appeared that the B15 association was secondary to the DR4, but the B8/DR3 association showed no difference. Using the method of Curie‐Cohen, no significant increases in risk were found for the B8/B15 or DR3/DR4 heterozygotes when compared to the respective homozygotes. Using the method of Thomson and Bodmer, the dominant mode of inheritance was excluded for DR4 only. There was a significant increase in B15 and DR4 in those with onset before age 20. No significant differences were found among the DR phenotypes with respect to season.

Selective Subnormal IgG1 in 54 Adult Index Patients with Frequent or Severe Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections

“…Flow cytometry analysis of subsets of CD19+, CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+, and CD56+/CD16+ blood lymphocytes and functional studies of lymphocytes may have demonstrated additional abnormalities. HLA types and haplotypes vary across geographic regions and across race/ethnicity groups [ 75 , 76 ]. Thus, HLA studies may yield dissimilar results in different cohorts of patients with selective subnormal IgG1.…”

Comparisons of CVID and IgGSD: Referring Physicians, Autoimmune Conditions, Pneumovax Reactivity, Immunoglobulin Levels, Blood Lymphocyte Subsets, and HLA-A and -B Typing in 432 Adult Index Patients

“…We also excluded persons of African American descent because (a) certain HLA types and haplotypes differ significantly among Caucasians and African Americans in central Alabama [14–16]; (b) in adults, mean serum concentrations of Ig are often greater in persons of sub-Saharan African Native descent than in whites [17, 18]; (c) persons of sub-Saharan African Native descent occur infrequently in series of CVID or IgGSD patients [1]; and (d) such patients are also uncommon in our experience.…”