Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020–2060)

Rajan, Kumar B.; Weuve, Jennifer; Barnes, Lisa L.; McAninch, Elizabeth A.; Wilson, Robert S.; Evans, Denis A.

doi:10.1002/alz.12362

Cited by 457 publications

(420 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a significant decline in memory functions, personality changes, deterioration of language functions, motor dysfunction and death (DSM V Criteria Alzheimer’s Disease) [ 1 ]. It is estimated to affect more than 6 million Americans and 50 million people worldwide [ 2 , 3 ]. The number of people diagnosed with AD in the US alone is projected to increase to 13.8 million by 2060 [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is estimated to affect more than 6 million Americans and 50 million people worldwide [ 2 , 3 ]. The number of people diagnosed with AD in the US alone is projected to increase to 13.8 million by 2060 [ 2 ]. Early detection will be critical as disease modifying drugs and health care treatments become available so that interventions can be initiated before profound neurological damage can occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Wheeler

Murphy

2021

Brain Sciences

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Background: Early biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are critical both to initiate interventions and to choose participants for clinical trials. Odor threshold, odor identification and odor familiarity are impaired in AD. Methods: We investigated the relative abilities of standard screening (MMSE) and olfactory measures to predict transitions from cognitively normal (CN) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), from CN to AD, and MCI to AD. The archival sample of 497, from the UCSD ADRC, included participants who were CN, MCI, AD and converters to MCI or AD. Apoe ε4 status, a genetic risk factor, was available for 256 participants, 132 were ε4 carriers. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve plots the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to determine diagnostic accuracy. Results: Different measures were better predictors at specific stages of disease risk; e.g., odor familiarity, odor identification and the combination showed higher predictive value for converting from MCI to AD in ε4 carriers than the MMSE. Combining odor familiarity and odor identification produced an AUC of 1.0 in ε4 carriers, MMSE alone was 0.58. Conclusions: Olfactory biomarkers show real promise as non-invasive indicators of prodromal AD. The results support the value of combining olfactory measures in assessment of risk for conversion to MCI and to AD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Wheeler

Murphy

2021

Brain Sciences

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“…Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by dementia, cognitive impairment, and memory loss in elderly populations. According to estimates, 5.8 million US citizens aged 65 or above are battling the disease, with this number expected to exceed 88 million in 2050 [ 7 , 8 ]. Accumulating amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), resulting in plaques and microtubular protein tau-causing neurofibrillary tangles, are responsible for AD [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptomatic, Genetic, and Mechanistic Overlaps between Autism and Alzheimer’s Disease

et al. 2021

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders affecting two opposite ends of life span, i.e., childhood and old age. Both disorders pose a cumulative threat to human health, with the rate of incidences increasing considerably worldwide. In the context of recent developments, we aimed to review correlated symptoms and genetics, and overlapping aspects in the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of ASD and AD. Dementia, insomnia, and weak neuromuscular interaction, as well as communicative and cognitive impairments, are shared symptoms. A number of genes and proteins linked with both disorders have been tabulated, including MECP2, ADNP, SCN2A, NLGN, SHANK, PTEN, RELN, and FMR1. Theories about the role of neuron development, processing, connectivity, and levels of neurotransmitters in both disorders have been discussed. Based on the recent literature, the roles of FMRP (Fragile X mental retardation protein), hnRNPC (heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein-C), IRP (Iron regulatory proteins), miRNAs (MicroRNAs), and α-, β0, and γ-secretases in the posttranscriptional regulation of cellular synthesis and processing of APP (amyloid-β precursor protein) have been elaborated to describe the parallel and overlapping routes and mechanisms of ASD and AD pathogenesis. However, the interactive role of genetic and environmental factors, oxidative and metal ion stress, mutations in the associated genes, and alterations in the related cellular pathways in the development of ASD and AD needs further investigation.

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“…More than 16 million people in the United States live with cognitive impairment [1] and approximately 6.2 million people aged 65 and older are reported to live with Alzheimer's dementia [2]. The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease increases with age from 5.3% (aged 65-74 years), to 13.8% (75-84 years), and 34.6% (aged 85 years and older) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…p-Value comparing caregivers of people with dementia to other caregivers based on the chi-square test of weighted proportions or t-test of difference in means (age only) 2. Cardiovascular disease includes angina, stroke, or myocardial infarction-Not reported because relative standard error >30.0, indicating unstable estimate.…”

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confidence: 99%

Baby Boomers Who Provide Informal Care for People Living with Dementia in the Community

Miyawaki

Bouldin

Taylor

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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One in four Baby Boomers fills the informal caregiver role in the United States. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Baby Boomers who are informal caregivers for people living with dementia and compare their physical and mental health status to caregivers for persons with conditions other than dementia using 2015–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data (n = 10,602). We identified caregiving status (assisting a family member/friend with a long-term illness or disability in the past month, managing personal care, and not caring for a child/grandchild) and whether the care recipient’s major health condition was dementia. We calculated weighted estimates and used chi-square tests and log-binomial regression for comparisons of selected characteristics. Among Baby Boomer caregivers, 15.4% were caring for someone with dementia. Dementia caregivers were more likely to be female, caring for a parent/parent-in-law, and providing care longer than caregivers for persons without dementia. After adjusting for sociodemographic and caregiving characteristics, the prevalence of fair/poor health, frequent mental distress, and chronic conditions were similar across types of caregivers. Although no differences in caregiver’s physical and mental health by care recipient’s dementia status were found, we should underscore the importance of maintaining Baby Boomer caregivers’ health and well-being.

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Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020–2060)

Cited by 457 publications

References 39 publications

Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Symptomatic, Genetic, and Mechanistic Overlaps between Autism and Alzheimer’s Disease

Baby Boomers Who Provide Informal Care for People Living with Dementia in the Community

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