“…Leafhopper density increased when precipitation was high and mean and maximum temperatures were low, which suggests that desiccation may be an important source of mortality for E. onukii in the field. Mao et al (2014) also found that lower maximum daily temperatures and higher minimum daily temperatures corresponded to higher E. onukii densities in a field study in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which has a similar summer climate to Fujian Province. However, this study did not account for non-linearity or delayed effects of weather variables.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 70%
“…Mao et al . (2014) also found that lower maximum daily temperatures and higher minimum daily temperatures corresponded to higher E. onukii densities in a field study in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which has a similar summer climate to Fujian Province. However, this study did not account for non‐linearity or delayed effects of weather variables.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…Each day at 6:00 hours, we counted leafhoppers on the undersides of the second leaf from the apical meristem of 30 or 50 haphazardly chosen shoots on these plants. Empoasca onukii is the only common leafhopper pest on tea (Mao et al ., 2014). All nymphal instars and adults of E. onukii were counted.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Multivoltine insects, in particular, are expected to increase population densities in response to warming (Tobin et al ., 2008) and previous studies on other Empoasca species have shown that they are highly sensitive to changes in temperature within a growing season (Reineke & Hauck, 2012; Baker et al ., 2015). Empoasca onukii , in particular, can experience a decrease in population during the hottest months of the year in the warmer parts of their range (Wang et al ., 2013; Mao et al ., 2014).…”
1. Multivariate climate change is expected to impact insect densities and plant growth in complex, and potentially different, ways. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a unique crop system where the increase in quality from chemical defences induced by Empoasca onukii (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) feeding can outweigh reductions in yield and make attack by this leafhopper desirable to tea farmers. Differential impacts of weather attributes on tea and herbivores could impact feasibility of this unique farming strategy in a rapidly changing climate.2. We monitored leafhopper densities and tea shoot growth at a tea farm in Fujian Province, China for 2 months (June and July). We used distributed lag non-linear models to capture potentially delayed and non-linear effects of weather attributes on tea growth and leafhopper densities.3. Weather attributes had contrasting effects on leafhopper density and tea shoot growth. Leafhopper densities were highest with low daily mean and maximum temperatures, while warm temperatures favoured tea growth. Effects of temperature on leafhoppers were delayed, while effects on tea growth were immediate. Precipitation reduced tea growth, and had a delayed positive effect on leafhopper density.4. The delayed effects of weather attributes on leafhoppers indicate that earlier, less conspicuous life stages (i.e. eggs and early instar nymphs) may be susceptible to desiccation. Although increasing annual mean temperature is commonly predicted to benefit multivoltine insect pests, our results show that cool, wet conditions benefit E. onukii during summer months when they are most abundant. These results have implications for tea green leafhopper management strategies.
“…Leafhopper density increased when precipitation was high and mean and maximum temperatures were low, which suggests that desiccation may be an important source of mortality for E. onukii in the field. Mao et al (2014) also found that lower maximum daily temperatures and higher minimum daily temperatures corresponded to higher E. onukii densities in a field study in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which has a similar summer climate to Fujian Province. However, this study did not account for non-linearity or delayed effects of weather variables.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 70%
“…Mao et al . (2014) also found that lower maximum daily temperatures and higher minimum daily temperatures corresponded to higher E. onukii densities in a field study in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which has a similar summer climate to Fujian Province. However, this study did not account for non‐linearity or delayed effects of weather variables.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…Each day at 6:00 hours, we counted leafhoppers on the undersides of the second leaf from the apical meristem of 30 or 50 haphazardly chosen shoots on these plants. Empoasca onukii is the only common leafhopper pest on tea (Mao et al ., 2014). All nymphal instars and adults of E. onukii were counted.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Multivoltine insects, in particular, are expected to increase population densities in response to warming (Tobin et al ., 2008) and previous studies on other Empoasca species have shown that they are highly sensitive to changes in temperature within a growing season (Reineke & Hauck, 2012; Baker et al ., 2015). Empoasca onukii , in particular, can experience a decrease in population during the hottest months of the year in the warmer parts of their range (Wang et al ., 2013; Mao et al ., 2014).…”
1. Multivariate climate change is expected to impact insect densities and plant growth in complex, and potentially different, ways. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a unique crop system where the increase in quality from chemical defences induced by Empoasca onukii (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) feeding can outweigh reductions in yield and make attack by this leafhopper desirable to tea farmers. Differential impacts of weather attributes on tea and herbivores could impact feasibility of this unique farming strategy in a rapidly changing climate.2. We monitored leafhopper densities and tea shoot growth at a tea farm in Fujian Province, China for 2 months (June and July). We used distributed lag non-linear models to capture potentially delayed and non-linear effects of weather attributes on tea growth and leafhopper densities.3. Weather attributes had contrasting effects on leafhopper density and tea shoot growth. Leafhopper densities were highest with low daily mean and maximum temperatures, while warm temperatures favoured tea growth. Effects of temperature on leafhoppers were delayed, while effects on tea growth were immediate. Precipitation reduced tea growth, and had a delayed positive effect on leafhopper density.4. The delayed effects of weather attributes on leafhoppers indicate that earlier, less conspicuous life stages (i.e. eggs and early instar nymphs) may be susceptible to desiccation. Although increasing annual mean temperature is commonly predicted to benefit multivoltine insect pests, our results show that cool, wet conditions benefit E. onukii during summer months when they are most abundant. These results have implications for tea green leafhopper management strategies.
“…E. onukii is afraid of water and wet environments and fears strong light, and so is well suited for a warm and humid climate. Its survival temperature range is 17°C-28°C, with the optimal temperature range of 20°C-26°C (Mao et al 2014). Therefore, the climatic conditions in 2022 were not suitable for the occurrence of E. onukii, especially in August 2022 (the average maximum temperatures in early, mid and late August reached 38.1°C, 37.6°C and 0.73°C, respectively), which led to a significant decrease in the population size of E. onukii compared with the same period in previous years, and greatly affected the number and relationship between E. onukii and its natural enemies.…”
Our aim was to study the close relationship between the number of Empoasca onukii and its natural enemies in tea plantations to provide a scientific basis for the control of E. onukii. The relationship between the number of E. onukii and its main natural enemies in tea plantations in Hefei, China, were compared by gray relational analysis, and then the relationships between seven meteorological factors and the populations of E. onukii were analyzed by the method of path analysis. The results showed that among the top six natural enemies most closely related to the population of E. onukii, two natural enemies were the same in the three years of study and four natural enemies were the same in any two years of the study, and that the natural enemy species closely related to the population of E. onukii varied greatly among years. The direct effect of monthly average relative humidity was the greatest effect in 2020 and the direct effect of monthly average temperature was the greatest effect in 2021, with both being negative in terms of their effect on the population size of E. onukii. The direct effect of the number of days of rainfall was the greatest effect in both 2021 and 2022, and the indirect effect of monthly sunshine hours through rainfall days was the greatest effect on the population of E. onukii. The highest temperatures in early and mid-August 2022 were higher than in previous years, which had an impact on the growth and development of subsequent E. onukii.
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