Population dynamics of epiphytic mycoparasites of the genera Clonostachys and Fusarium for the biocontrol of black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) and moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri) on cocoa (Theobroma cacao)

Hoopen, Gerben Martijn Ten; Rees, R. W.; Aisa, Philo; Stirrup, Tim; Krauss, Ulrike

doi:10.1017/s095375620300772x

Cited by 39 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The field effect of C. rosea is valuable for several reasons: first, a restriction on the sporulation of the pathogen can affect the epidemiology of the disease by reducing the pathogen inoculum available to make new infections. This reduction of the sporulation of M. roreri was observed in a previous study of an epiphytic isolate of C. rosea, which was reported to be the most common epiphytic mycoparasite in cacao (Ten Hoopen et al, 2003). Nonetheless, different mechanisms appear to be operating with the different isolates: the epiphytic isolate was reported to be a mycoparasite, and the endophytic isolate presented in this study appeared to act by antibiosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Biological control as part of integrated pest management has been suggested as the most sustainable long-term solution (Bateman, 2002). Specifically, promising results for the control of diseases of cacao have been obtained using epiphytic mycoparasitic fungi (Krauss and Soberanis, 2001;Ten Hoopen et al, 2003). Furthermore, recent evidence shows that in some cases endophytic fungi restrict cacao pathogen growth or damage in vitro and in vivo Evans et al, 2003;Mejia et al, 2003;Holmes et al, 2004Holmes et al, , 2006Rubini et al, 2005;Tondje et al, 2006) highlighting their status as a new source of biological control agents for combating cacao pathogens.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens

Mejía¹,

Rojas²,

Maynard³

et al. 2008

Biological Control

388

236

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens

Mejía¹,

Rojas²,

Maynard³

et al. 2008

Biological Control

388

236

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“…However, it is somewhat longer than that of contact fungicides such as Kocide 2000, which in practice demand a fortnightly application (Sonwa et al, 2008). Persistence probably results from the ability of Trichoderma species -when appropriately formulated -to colonize the cortex of the cacao pods, even when exposed to direct sunlight (Krauss et al, 2006;Ten Hoopen et al, 2003). However, effectiveness was primarily determined in the laboratory using artificial inoculations with the pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new oil-based formulation of Trichoderma asperellum for the biological control of cacao black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya

et al. 2014

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HIGHLIGHTS• New oil-based dispersion with a half-life of T. asperellum conidia of 22.5 weeks.• Complete inhibition of P. megakarya on sprayed detached pods.• Enhanced rate and duration of protection on sprayed cacao pods in the field.• 50% of pods protected 3.2 weeks after spraying in the field.• Formulation suitable for the spraying equipment of small-scale cacao producers. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTFormulated conidia of Trichoderma provide similar or even better protection of cacao pods against black pod disease than a conventional fungicide. ABSTRACTIn African cacao-producing countries, control of cacao black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya is a priority. Introducing biological control agents as part of a P. megakarya control strategy is highly desirable, especially in a perspective of pesticide reduction. Trichoderma species are among the most used biological control agents. In Cameroon, Trichoderma asperellum formulated in wettable powder has produced positive effects against this disease. However, with this type of formulation, shelf-life and persistence of conidia on pods are limited. Our study therefore sought to develop a new T. asperellum formulation that would be more effective and better suited to the conditions of field application by small-scale producers in Cameroon. We selected a soybean oil-based oil dispersion, in which the half-life of the conidia reached 22.5 weeks, versus 5 weeks in Published in : Biological Control (2014), vol. 77, pp. 15-22 Status : Postprint (Author's version) aqueous suspension. Tested on detached pods, the formulation completely inhibited the development of the disease. When sprayed in the field on cacao clones highly sensitive to P. megakarya, the formulation resulted in 90% protection of treated pods after 1 week, and 50% after 3.2 weeks. The formulations exercised a measurable effect for up to 7 weeks, versus 2 weeks in the case of an aqueous conidial suspension and 5 weeks for that of a conventional fungicide (Kocide). Trichoderma asperellum formulated in oil dispersion has therefore great potential for the control of cacao black pod disease with less recourse to synthetic fungicides.

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“…On the other hand, fungi can also be used in the war against pests; such biocontrol agents include the insect pathogens Beauvaria bassiana and Nosema locustae. Only recently has attention been turned to the use of fungi as biocontrol agents of other fungi, in part because fungi occupying this niche are poorly known (12)(13)(14).Among tropical crops, coffee ranks high in both its total value and its role in maintaining biodiversity when grown on a small scale and as an understory plant (i.e., shade coffee production) (15). In the last 2 years, coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) has emerged as a major disease in South and Central America, leading to reductions in annual production of over 10% (16) and threatening the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of small-scale farmers in the region.…”

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Identification of Putative Coffee Rust Mycoparasites via Single-Molecule DNA Sequencing of Infected Pustules

James

Marino

Perfecto

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The interaction of crop pests with their natural enemies is a fundament to their control. Natural enemies of fungal pathogens of crops are poorly known relative to those of insect pests, despite the diversity of fungal pathogens and their economic importance. Currently, many regions across Latin America are experiencing unprecedented epidemics of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix). Identification of natural enemies of coffee rust could aid in developing management strategies or in pinpointing species that could be used for biocontrol. In the present study, we characterized fungal communities associated with coffee rust lesions by single-molecule DNA sequencing of fungal rRNA gene bar codes from leaf discs (Ϸ28 mm 2 ) containing rust lesions and control discs with no rust lesions. The leaf disc communities were hyperdiverse in terms of fungi, with up to 69 operational taxonomic units (putative species) per control disc, and the diversity was only slightly reduced in rust-infected discs, with up to 63 putative species. However, geography had a greater influence on the fungal community than whether the disc was infected by coffee rust. Through comparisons between control and rust-infected leaf discs, as well as taxonomic criteria, we identified 15 putative mycoparasitic fungi. These fungi are concentrated in the fungal family Cordycipitaceae and the order Tremellales. These data emphasize the complexity of diverse fungi of unknown ecological function within a leaf that might influence plant disease epidemics or lead to the development of species for biocontrol of fungal disease. Fungal biodiversity is closely linked to plant biodiversity, because a dominant number of fungal taxa are symbiotic with plants (1, 2). On one end of the symbiosis spectrum are plant pathogens, whose impacts are enormous in agricultural production, dramatically reducing yields or even eliminating production altogether, as well as in natural ecosystems, where they may facilitate plant biodiversity by Janzen-Connell effects, coevolutionary processes, or other mechanisms. At the other end of the spectrum are mutualists of plants, including beneficial mycorrhizae and endophytes that promote plant growth and facilitate stress tolerance (3, 4). Somewhere in the middle are the majority of plant-symbiotic fungi, with copious species detected within and on asymptomatic plant tissues. Most of these fungi have unclear roles with respect to plant health but comprise a massive and ubiquitous proportion of overall fungal biodiversity, especially in the lowland tropics, where every leaf sampled reveals the presence of endophytes by use of culture techniques (5, 6). Although some endophytes may have no direct effect on the host, what is becoming increasingly more appreciated is that endophytes can benefit the host through indirect actions, such as by protection from plant pests and pathogens (7,8).In natural ecosystems, cascading trophic interactions are tied to ecosystem stability and diversity (9). These trophic interactions involve numerous natural enemie...

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Population dynamics of epiphytic mycoparasites of the genera Clonostachys and Fusarium for the biocontrol of black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) and moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri) on cocoa (Theobroma cacao)

Cited by 39 publications

References 23 publications

Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens

Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens

A new oil-based formulation of Trichoderma asperellum for the biological control of cacao black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya

Identification of Putative Coffee Rust Mycoparasites via Single-Molecule DNA Sequencing of Infected Pustules

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