Population Dynamics, Effective Soil Factors, and LAMP Detection Systems forPhytophthoraSpecies Associated with Kiwifruit Diseases in China

Abstract

China has the largest area of kiwifruit production in the world. Pathogens associated with root diseases of kiwi trees have not been investigated extensively. In this research, three Phytophthora species including P. cactorum, P. cinnamomi, and P. lateralis, which are pathogenic to kiwi trees in the main planting areas of China, were studied. The population densities of these species in 128 soil samples from 32 kiwi orchards in 2017 and 2018 were measured using multiplex real-time quantitative PCR, based on the ras-related protein gene Ypt1. P. cactorum was the most widely distributed of the three species in orchards of the Zhouzhi and Meixian Prefectures. We also used redundancy analysis (RDA) to examine soil factors in the kiwi orchards, to understand their effects on the population densities of the Phytophthora species. The RDA analysis indicated that soil temperature and pH were significantly correlated with the abundance of P. cactorum and P. cinnamomi. Besides, two loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection systems for P. cactorum were developed based on the tigA gene. The color-change detection system was proved to be accurate, sensitive, and faster than quantitative PCR. The results of this study, along with the LAMP detection systems, will be of great use in the control of Phytophthora diseases for the production of kiwifruits in China.

Temporal colonization of macadamia tree roots by Phytophthora cinnamomi based on a newly developed quantitative real‐time PCR assay

“…Our newly developed qPCR assay for P. cinnamomi is specific and very sensitive. The assay has a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 fg, which is lower than most previously published P. cinnamomi-specific qPCR assays with reported LOQs of 100 fg (Bi et al, 2020;Li et al, 2022;Miles et al, 2017) and 700 fg (Masikane et al, 2019).…”

“…The assay has a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5 fg, which is lower than most previously published P . cinnamomi‐ specific qPCR assays with reported LOQs of 100 fg (Bi et al., 2020; Li et al., 2022; Miles et al., 2017) and 700 fg (Masikane et al., 2019). The recently published RPA and LAMP P .…”

“…(2019) and Bi et al. (2020; cited by Li et al., 2022) each published an assay targeting the nuclear Ypt1 protein gene that is also P . cinnamomi ‐specific.…”

“…Li et al. (2022) used the assay of Bi et al. (2020) to show that in 128 kiwifruit vine soil samples in China, soil temperature was highly negatively correlated with P .…”

“…Under natural orchard conditions, these oomycetes can interfere with conventional plating methods (Tsao, 1990). Li et al (2022) used the assay of Bi et al (2020) to show that in 128 kiwifruit vine soil samples in China, soil temperature was highly negatively correlated with P. cinnamomi soil quantities but positively correlated with soil pH. Engelbrecht et al (2013) used qPCR analyses to show that avocado accessions differ in susceptibility to P. cinnamomi.…”