Population dynamics and habitat preferences of Phlebotomus orientalis in extra-domestic habitats of Kafta Humera lowlands – kala azar endemic areas in Northwest Ethiopia

Lemma, Wossenseged; Tekie, Habte; Balkew, Meshesha; Gebre-Michael, Teshome; Warburg, Alon; Hailu, Asrat

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-359

Cited by 20 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…orientalis collected by STs in both districts showed that farm field was the most productive habitat than that of mixed forest and indoor habitats. Similar findings have been observed by Lemma et al [14] in Kafta-Humera district, north of Metema district. In both areas, majority of the farm field consists of black-cotton soil.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Dry season occurrence and abundance of P . orientalis has previously also noted by several investigators in Sudan [12, 13] and in Ethiopia [14, 28], although peak months of abundance may vary with locality and method of collection. Thus, in the highland area, P .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…orientalis is a seasonal species and abundant mainly in the drier period of year (February-June) [11, 12, 13]. However, detailed studies on the bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies in northwestern Ethiopia particularly in Libo-Kemkem and Metema districts are limited [14]. Information on the population dynamics, distribution and behaviors of vector species are very important to understand when, where and how humans are infected with Leishmania parasites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern Ethiopia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) also known as kala-azar is a growing health problem in Ethiopia with an estimated annual VL incidence between 3700 and 7400. The disease is mainly endemic in northwestern parts of the country. The aim of the current study was to determine the sand fly fauna and ecology of Phlebotomus orientalis in two endemic and ecologically distinct areas of northwestern Ethiopia.MethodsSand flies were collected using CDC light traps, sticky traps and pyrethrum spray catches from peri-domestic, mixed forest, farm field and indoor habitats from both Libo-Kemkem (May 2011-April 2012) and Metema (October 2012-September 2013) districts.ResultsA total of 51,411 sand fly specimens were collected and identified (10,776 from highland and 40, 635 from the lowland areas). Seven species were found in the highland area: two Phlebotomus spp. (P. orientalis and P. rodhaini) and five Sergentomyia species. Whereas 19 species were found in the lowland area: six Phlebotomus (P. orientalis, P. rodhaini, P. bergeroti, P. duboscqi, P. papatasi and P. martini) and 13 Sergentomyia species. Of the Phlebotomus spp., P. orientalis was the predominant species in both the highland (99.9%) and lowland (93.7%) areas. Indoor collections using pyrethrum spray catches and sticky traps indicated that P. orientalis has a strong exophilic and exophagic behaviors in both districts. In both areas, this species showed seasonal occurrence and showing abundance during the dry months (March-May/June) of the year and increasing in numbers till the rain season, when numbers dropped dramatically. Mean density of P. orientalis in the two areas had positive and significant correlation with mean temperature in light trap collections (P<0.05). However, mean density of P. orientalis in the two areas in sticky trap collections had positive and insignificant association with the temperature (P>0.05). Regarding the rainfall pattern, density of P. orientalis had negative and statistically insignificant correlation (for light trap collections for both areas) and significant correlation (for sticky trap collections for lowland area).ConclusionsThe current study indicated the variation in sand fly fauna between the highland and lowland districts, wherein, P. orientalis was found to be the most abundant Phlebotomus species. The study also determined that P. orientalis exhibits distinct seasonality, where its abundance increases during the dry season and disappears when the rainy period starts in both study areas. This entomological observation on the bionomics of P. orientalis provides significant evidence for considering vector control or preventive measures in the areas studied.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern Ethiopia

et al. 2017

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“…Of the entire current VL incidence reported, about 90% cases are from seven countries (Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan). Similarly, the majority of CL cases are endemic in only ten countries (Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, Iran, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Syria) (Desjeux, 2004;Murray et al, 2005;Lemma et al, 2014;WHO, 2014;Hailu et al, 2016, Lemma, 2018. Eastern Africa is the second largest VL foci after the Indian subcontinent, contributes to the global burden with 30,000-40,000 new cases per year (Leta et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Gebremichael¹

2018

Open Vet J.

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Leishmaniasis is one of the growing public health challenges in Ethiopia and estimated over 7,000 and 50,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) per year, respectively. The aim of the review is to address zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. VL is caused by L. donovani and it is endemic in many parts of the country with one third of the country’s landmass is highly suitable for VL. CL is principally caused by L. aethiopica. CL is endemic and widespread in the highland of Ethiopia. Northern lowland foci are Humera and Metema plains in the Tigray and Amhara regional states constitute the main VL endemic areas in the country, contributing over 60% of the total burden. The southern foci are the south-western savannah, and the south-eastern semi-arid lowlands which account for approximately 20 % of the total VL burden in Ethiopia. Leishmaniasis is a serious zoonotic disease in Ethiopia with more reservoir hosts maintaining the disease. Dogs and hyraxes are the main reservoir hosts for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the country, respectively. Epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis may relate to environmental changes and expansion of mega projects such as irrigations and sugar cane factories, knowledge and socio-economic factors, development of new settlements, migration of peoples and HIV/AIDS co-infection. Expansions of mega projects such as sugar factories and irrigations are suitable for reproduction of stray dogs, rodents, wild canids and vectors. VL is one of the major challenges to prevent and control in the endemic areas of the country. Therefore, new research should be imperative, especially in the mega projects to design strategic control and prevention methods.

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“…In village habitats, the vector rarely enters inside the huts/rooms but can be quite abundant in the courtyards of the houses (outdoor site) or in the peri-domestic habitats [6,7]. In Sudan, Ethiopia and the Republic of South Sudan, P. orientalis shows marked seasonality, reaching peak abundance at late dry season (March-June) and disappearing during the months of heavy rains (August -September) [6][7][8][9].…”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding Sandfly Sampling Methods: The Sticky Traps are attraction-based and not interceptive sampling tools of Phlebotomus orientalis

Elnaiem

Khogali

Basheer

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background : It is generally assumed that sticky traps are interceptive sandfly sampling methods, although no previous experimental evidence has supported this assumption. In this study, we test this assumption experimentally for Phlebotomus orientalis , the principal vector of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa, and provide an explanation for why their collection is highly male-biased. Methods: Three field experiments were carried out in March 2016-June 2019, in Gedarif state, eastern Sudan. In a first experiment, we compared numbers of P. orientalis caught with sticky traps made of black, red, transparent, white, yellow, green and blue A4 size papers that were set simultaneously at different lunar light conditions. In a second and a third experiments, we compared numbers of P. orientalis captured on sticky traps placed side by side horizontally or vertically on the ground or horizontally on a stool. We also made observations on mating behaviour of sandflies following their landing on un-sticky papers placed on the ground. Results: Phlebotomus orientalis showed significant attraction to white, yellow and transparent traps; with negligible numbers caught on the black and the red traps. Similarly, significantly higher numbers of P. orientalis were attracted to the horizontal traps, resulting in 8-fold increase in their yield as compared to the vertical traps. Placing the traps on the stools resulted in significant reduction of this attraction. In contrast to the sticky traps that captured only very few females, our observations indicated that when male sandflies land on un-sticky white paper they successfully lure females and copulate with them. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that for P. orientalis, sticky traps are more attractant-based than interception-based sampling tools and supports the notion that males of this sandfly species probably utilize the bright surface of the papers of the traps to perform mating rituals to attract the females for copulation. However, their pre-mature death in the sticky oil hampers the completion of these rituals and thus the result in failure of the attraction of the females. The findings of the study have important implications for optimization of the ST design for vector surveillance purpose and understanding the behaviour of P. orientalis .

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Population dynamics and habitat preferences of Phlebotomus orientalis in extra-domestic habitats of Kafta Humera lowlands – kala azar endemic areas in Northwest Ethiopia

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern Ethiopia

Studies on sand fly fauna and ecological analysis of Phlebotomus orientalis in the highland and lowland foci of kala-azar in northwestern Ethiopia

Zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Understanding Sandfly Sampling Methods: The Sticky Traps are attraction-based and not interceptive sampling tools of Phlebotomus orientalis

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