Population Dynamics and Genetics of Plant Disease: A Case Study of Anther‐ Smut Disease

Alexander, Helen M.; Thrall, Peter H.; Antonovics, Janis; Jarosz, A. M.; Oudemans, Peter V.

doi:10.2307/2265569

Cited by 96 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…timing of leaf flushing; Desprez-Loustau et al . 2010), timing of flowering and flower production for pollinator-transmitted diseases such as anther smuts; (Thrall & Jarosz 1994), implying genetic differences among plants that affect their exposure to inoculum (Alexander 1989; Alexander et al . 1996).…”

Section: The Genetic Basis Of Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elmqvist et al . (1993) further found that S. dioica plants derived from a completely healthy site had larger flowers and longer styles, and also received more spores, than plants derived from a site with high disease, suggesting pathogen selection (mediated by the vector) for floral traits conferring resistance (Alexander et al . 1996).…”

Section: What Generates Variation In Disease Resistance?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial variation in disease resistance: from molecules to metapopulations

et al. 2010

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Summary1. Variation in disease resistance is a widespread phenomenon in wild plant-pathogen associations. Here, we review current literature on natural plant-pathogen associations to determine how diversity in disease resistance is distributed at different hierarchical levels -within host individuals, within host populations, amongst host populations at the metapopulation scale and at larger regional scales. 2. We find diversity in resistance across all spatial scales examined. Furthermore, variability seems to be the best counter-defence of plants against their rapidly evolving pathogens. We find that higher diversity of resistance phenotypes also results in higher levels of resistance at the population level.3. Overall, we find that wild plant populations are more likely to be susceptible than resistant to their pathogens. However, the degree of resistance differs strikingly depending on the origin of the pathogen strains used in experimental inoculation studies. Plant populations are on average 16% more resistant to allopatric pathogen strains than they are to strains that occur within the same population (48% vs. 32% respectively). 4. Pathogen dispersal mode affects levels of resistance in natural plant populations with lowest levels detected for hosts of airborne pathogens and highest for waterborne pathogens. 5. Detailed analysis of two model systems, Linum marginale infected by Melampsora lini, and Plantago lanceolata infected by Podosphaera plantaginis, show that the amount of variation in disease resistance declines towards higher spatial scales as we move from individual hosts to metapopulations, but evaluation of multiple spatial scales is needed to fully capture the structure of disease resistance. 6. Synthesis. Variation in disease resistance is ubiquitous in wild plant-pathogen associations. Whilst the debate over whether the resistance structure of plant populations is determined by pathogen-imposed selection versus non-adaptive processes remains unresolved, we do report examples of pathogen-imposed selection on host resistance. Here we highlight the importance of measuring resistance across multiple spatial scales, and of using sympatric strains when looking for signs of coevolution in wild plant-pathogen interactions.

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Section: The Genetic Basis Of Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Generates Variation In Disease Resistance?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variation in disease resistance: from molecules to metapopulations

et al. 2010

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“…The anther smuts of Caryophyllaceae , commonly referred to as the Microbotryum violaceum complex, form a monophyletic lineage within the genus Microbotryum . They are model organisms studied in many disciplines of fungal biology, for example, ecology (Thrall et al 1993), genomics (Hood 2005, Yockteng et al 2007), population studies (Lee 1981, Alexander & Antonovics 1995, Alexander et al 1996), life cycle studies (Schäfer et al 2010), geographic distribution (Hood et al 2010, Fontaine et al 2013), phylogeography (Vercken et al 2010), evolutionary history (López-Villavicencio et al 2005, Refrégier et al 2008), speciation (Devier et al 2010, Gladieux et al 2011), and phylogeny and systematics (Lutz et al 2005, 2008, Denchev et al 2009, Piątek et al 2012, Kemler et al 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbotryum silenes-saxifragae sp. nov. sporulating in the anthers of Silene saxifraga in southern European mountains

2013

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Currently, the monophyletic lineage of anther smuts on Caryophyllaceae includes 22 species classified in the genus Microbotryum. They are model organisms studied in many disciplines of fungal biology. A molecular phylogenetic approach was used to resolve species boundaries within the caryophyllaceous anther smuts, as species delimitation based solely on phenotypic characters was problematic. Several cryptic species were found amongst the anther smuts on Caryophyllaceae, although some morphologically distinct species were discernible, and most species were characterized by high host-specificity. In this study, anther smut specimens infecting Silene saxifraga were analysed using rDNA sequences (ITS and LSU) and morphology to resolve their specific status and to discuss their phylogenetic position within the lineage of caryophyllaceous anther smuts. The molecular phylogeny revealed that all specimens form a monophyletic lineage that is supported by the morphological trait of reticulate spores with tuberculate interspaces (observed in certain spores). This lineage cannot be attributed to any of the previously described species, and the anther smut on Silene saxifraga is described and illustrated here as a new species, Microbotryum silenes-saxifragae. This species clusters in a clade that includes Microbotryum species, which infect both closely and distantly related host plants growing in diverse ecological habitats. It appears possible that host shifts combined with changes to ecological host niches drove the evolution of Microbotryum species within this clade.

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“…Some additional population studies have been published for other wild plant pathosystems, e.g. Filipendula ulmaria-Triphragmium ulmariae (Ericson et al 2002;Smith et al 2003); Plantago lanceolata-Podosphaera plantaginis (Laine 2004(Laine , 2005Laine and Hanski 2006;Laine 2007); Senecio vulgaris-Erysiphe fischeri (Bevan et al 1993a, b, c); Silene spp.-Ustilago violacea (Microbotryum violaceum) (Thrall and Antonovics 1995;Alexander et al 1996;Delmotte et al 1999;CarlssonGranér and Thrall 2002;Carlsson-Granér 2006); and Valeriana salina-Uromyces valerianae (Ericson et al 1999). However, there is a large knowledge gap regarding interactions between weed host plants and oomycetes (Holub 2008;Lebeda et al 2008), despite the fact that oomycete pathogens represent an important group of species which are common in nature and have a world-wide distribution (Lebeda and Schwinn 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of race-specific resistance against Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola

Petrželová

Lebeda

2010

Eur J Plant Pathol

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A metapopulation approach was applied to population studies of a common weed, Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce). Seedlings grown from seed samples collected from 752 individual L. serriola plants in 50 populations occurring along an east-to-west transect across four European countries (Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands and United Kingdom) were screened for resistance to 10 common races of Bremia lactucae. Based on the recorded reaction patterns, host individuals were characterized into specific resistance (R-) phenotypes. Diversity of R-phenotypes, their variation and distribution among and within European populations, was evaluated at different spatial scales, i.e. from a metapopulation involving the entire European study area to individual plants occurring in local populations. Generally, European populations of L. serriola have been shown to be highly susceptible to B. lactucae. However, large variation in L. serriola resistance was found both among and within individual countries. There was a clear gradient of increasing uniformity of race-specificity moving from central to western Europe, as well as a slight decrease in the diversity of R-phenotypes. Populations in the United Kingdom were the most divergent in terms of resistance structure from other geographic regions, and also were the most homogeneous, most likely a consequence of the relatively greater degree of spatial isolation from other regions. Metapopulation, interand intra-population variation in host resistance is discussed from the viewpoint of occurrence of racespecific interactions in this wild plant pathosystem.

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Population Dynamics and Genetics of Plant Disease: A Case Study of Anther‐ Smut Disease

Cited by 96 publications

References 29 publications

Spatial variation in disease resistance: from molecules to metapopulations

Spatial variation in disease resistance: from molecules to metapopulations

Microbotryum silenes-saxifragae sp. nov. sporulating in the anthers of Silene saxifraga in southern European mountains

Distribution of race-specific resistance against Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola

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