Population-Based Survey of Active Trachoma in 11 Districts of Burundi

Ndayishimiye, Onésime; Willems, Johan; Manirakiza, Emile; Smith, Jennifer L.; Gashikanyi, Rose; Kariyo, Léonide; Ndayishimiye, Spès; Niyoniziziye, Beatrice; Niyonkuru, Anicet; Nkunda, Ange; Deville, Marie-Alice; Fenwick, Alan; Solomon, Anthony W.

doi:10.3109/09286586.2011.595039

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The relationship between a clean face and reduced chances of trachoma is one of the strongest associations found in the literature [29,[38][39][40]. In Pernambuco, a lack of the use or only occasional use of soap to wash the hands and face increases the risk of transmitting trachoma by more than 60%, in comparison with the regular use of soap.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Survey of Trachoma Among Children Living in Pernambuco, Brazil

et al. 2019

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This study analyzed the association between individual and household factors and the incidence of trachoma among a population aged between 1 and 9 years in the state of Pernambuco. This was a population-based household study conducted using a population-based sample of residents from 96 census sectors of the 1778 sectors considered to be at social risk in the state. The estimated odds ratio of the univariate analysis presented a confidence interval of 95%. Weights and clusters were adjusted through the Generalized Linear and Latent Mixed Model (GLLAM) method. Trachoma cases were the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis. The independent variables were selected through the stepwise forward method, with an input criterion of 20% (p < 0.20) and an output criterion of 10% (p < 0.10). The prevalence was 6.65%. Trachoma was associated with a female sex, age of 5–9 years, either the absence of use or infrequent use of soap to wash the hands and face, the presence of nasal secretion, a lack of piped water from a public supply system, a greater number of rooms used for sleeping, a greater number of people living in the same household, and a family income of up to one minimum monthly wage. The prevalence of follicular trachoma in Pernambuco was higher than what is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Survey of Trachoma Among Children Living in Pernambuco, Brazil

et al. 2019

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“…As clusters were selected using probability proportional to size sampling, the data was assumed to be self-weighted. However, the analysis was adjusted to take into account the cluster sampling methodology used [ 23 , 24 ]. Confidence intervals around prevalence estimates were calculated by bootstrapping the adjusted cluster prevalence and taking the 2.5 th and 97.5 th centiles based on 10,000 iterations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Ghana: Providing evidence through a pre-validation survey

Debrah

Mensah²,

Senyonjo

et al. 2017

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundIn order to achieve elimination of trachoma, a country needs to demonstrate that the elimination prevalence thresholds have been achieved and then sustained for at least a two-year period. Ghana achieved the thresholds in 2008, and since 2011 has been implementing its trachoma surveillance strategy, which includes community and school screening for signs of follicular trachoma and trichiasis, in trachoma-endemic districts. In 2015–2016, the country conducted a district level population-based survey to validate elimination of trachoma as a public health problem.MethodsAs per WHO recommendations, a cross-sectional survey, employing a two-stage cluster random sampling methodology, was used across 18 previously trachoma endemic districts (evaluation units (EUs) in the Upper West and Northern Regions of Ghana. In each EU 24 villages were selected based on probability proportional to estimated size. A minimum of 40 households were targeted per village and all eligible residents were examined for clinical signs of trachoma, using the WHO simplified grading system. The number of trichiasis cases unknown to the health system was determined. Household environmental risk factors for trachoma were also assessed.ResultsData from 45,660 individuals were examined from 11,099 households across 18 EUs, with 27,398 (60.0%) children aged 1–9 years and 16,610 (36.4%) individuals 15 years and above All EUs had shown to have maintained the WHO elimination threshold for Trachomatous inflammation-Follicular (TF) (<5.0% prevalence) in children aged 1–9 years old. The EU TF prevalence in children aged 1–9 years old ranged from between 0.09% to 1.20%. Only one EU (Yendi 0.36%; 95% CI: 0.0–1.01) failed to meet the WHO TT elimination threshold (< 0.2% prevalence in adults aged 15 and above). The EU prevalence of trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in adults aged ≥15 years, ranged from 0.00% to 0.36%. In this EU, the estimated TT backlog is 417 All TT patients identified in the study, as well as through on-going surveillance efforts will require further management. A total of 75.9% (95% CI 72.1–79.3, EU range 29.1–92.6) of households defecated in the open but many households had access to an improved water source 75.9% (95%CI: 71.5–79.8, EU range 47.4–90.1%), with 45.5% (95% CI 41.5–49.7%, EU range 28.4–61.8%) making a round trip of water collection < 30 minutes.ConclusionThe findings from this survey indicate elimination thresholds have been maintained in Ghana in 17 of the 18 surveyed EUs. Only one EU, Yendi, did not achieve the TT elimination threshold. A scheduled house-by-house TT case search in this EU coupled with surgery to clear the backlog of cases is necessary in order for Ghana to request validation of elimination of trachoma as a public health problem.

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“…This survey revealed the presence of active trachoma in the country and was followed by a more detailed survey in 2009–2010, in which 20,659 children were examined in 11 districts [11]. Results from this survey demonstrated a prevalence of children with follicular trachoma (TF) above 10% in three districts (Buhiga, Muyinga, and Nyabikere).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The onchocerciasis programme coordinated by the national programme is not described in this paper. Details on trachoma that have not been reported already by others [11] are presented as part of the ongoing activities of the NTD programme, as well as the mapping results for LF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%