Popliteal vessel injury caused by a plastic bullet

Best, B. G.; D'Sa, A.A.B. Barros

doi:10.1016/0020-1383(87)90301-9

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Only one case of peripheral vascular injury has been reported (Best and Barros D'Sa, 1987). A 48-year-old male was struck on the back of the knee by a plastic baton round at an unknown range.…”

Section: Vascular Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Baton rounds

Hunter¹,

Greaves

2002

Trauma

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Baton rounds are the final step in a graded response to civil disturbance and have recently been adopted for use on the British mainland. Designed to be a less lethal weapon, they are still responsible for serious injuries and deaths. A review of the literature is presented covering the ballistics, demographics, and injuries resulting from the use of baton rounds and offering some specific management guidelines. The recent developments in baton round design and guidelines for use are described and the problems of terminology with plastic bullets are examined.

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Section: Vascular Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consequences of limb injury, even without fracture, can be serious with large areas of soft tissue damage and necrosis (Best and Barros D'Sa, 1987).…”

Section: Soft Tissue Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baton rounds

Hunter¹,

Greaves

2002

Trauma

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“…Additional information on maxillofacial, vascular and other injuries is contained in the papers by Cohen (1985) and Best and Barros D'Sa (1987).…”

Section: Baton Rounds (Wood Rubber and Plastic)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical care in civil disorder

Cocks

1999

Trauma

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Civil disorder may be defined in widely differing terms, depending largely on the political and legal system prevailing in a given country. The way in which the authorities manage disorder has important implications for both internal stability and the country’s international image, and to a great extent the number of injuries will also depend on the effectiveness of this management. For the police, ambulance service and hospitals, civil disorder will often necessitate the invocation of their respective major incident plans. Since the response requirements may be very different from other disasters, such plans need to address civil disorder specifically. This paper reviews the various wounding agents that may be used by participants in civil disorder, and by security forces in their response. The issues of personal safety for emergency service staff are reviewed, and the organizational aspects of medical care emphasized.

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Medical Management of the Traumatic Consequences of Civil Unrest Incidents

Ballantyne¹

2006

Toxicological Reviews

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In the context of this review, civil unrest is defined as disharmony, expressive dissatisfaction and/or disagreement between members of a community, which leads to a situation of competitive aggression that may find expression as disruption of organisation, conflicts, damage to property and injuries. Such a breakdown of harmonious relationships, which may result in property damage and human injuries that may be threatening to life, varies in magnitude from participation of a very few individuals up to the involvement of large crowds of people, which may evolve into a full-scale riot. It is the latter situation often involving demonstrators, opposing groups and law enforcement personnel that can result in multiple casualties and present a very significant challenge to the resources of local healthcare institutions. The causation of civil unrest incidents is multifactorial and has generic, specific and potentiating elements. With the current national and international societal, political and discriminatory problems, it is likely that civil unrest incidents on both small and large scales will continue to occur at a high and possibly increasing rate on a worldwide basis, and for these not infrequent incidents, the medical community should be in a state of informed preparation. The circumstances of civil unrest incidents are very variable with respect to causation, overall magnitude, frequency, timing, geographical location, numbers of persons involved, demographics of participants, influence of extremists, confrontation with opposing groups and control measures used by law enforcement agencies. Methods used by police and security forces for the control of civil unrest incidents, if advanced negotiations with organisers and verbal warnings have failed, fall basically into two categories: physical and chemical measures. Physical methods include restraint holds, truncheons, batons, mounted horses, projectiles (such as bean bags, plastic and rubber bullets), water cannons, tasers and (rarely) live ammunition. All of these physical measures are associated with pain and immobilisation, and there is a high potential for soft tissue and bone injuries. Some of the more severe physical methods, including plastic and rubber bullets, may cause lethal injuries. The basis for using chemicals in civil unrest incidents is that they cause distraction, transient harassment and incapacitation, temporary impairment of the conduct of coordinated tasks and cause a desire to vacate the area of unrest. Although screening smokes and malodors have sometimes been employed, the major group of chemicals used are peripheral chemosensory irritants (PCSIs), which reversibly interact with sensory nerve receptors in exposed skin and mucosal surfaces, resulting in the production of local uncomfortable sensations and associated reflexes. Major effects are on the eye, respiratory tract and (to a lesser degree) skin. Thus, the induced transient pain and discomfort in the eye, respiratory tract and skin, together with associated lacrimation, blepharospasm...

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Popliteal vessel injury caused by a plastic bullet

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Baton rounds

Baton rounds

Medical care in civil disorder

Medical Management of the Traumatic Consequences of Civil Unrest Incidents

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