Popigai crater: Origin and distribution of diamond‐bearing impactites

Abstract

Abstract-About three decades ago, a formerly unknown genetic type of natural diamonds was discovered in impact craters. Impact diamonds are currently known from a number of impact structures in Europe, Asia and North America, and it's likely that the number of finds will increase with time. The Popigai crater, Northern Siberia, where impact diamonds were first found, was specifically investigated in terms of geology, geophysics, petrography and mineralogy. Large resources of industrial impact diamonds were discovered, and these minerals were studied in detail.Authigenic impact diamonds occur in situ in shocked graphite-bearing gneisses that are found as inclusions in impact melt rocks: tagamites and suevites. According to the observed transformation of coexisting minerals, the lower estimated pressure of the coherent martensite transition of graphite to diamonds is 35 GPa. Impact diamonds inherit the original shape of graphite crystals and are composed of a polycrystalline structured aggregate of cubic and probably hexagonal carbon microcrystals 1-5 pm across. Numerous properties of diamonds depend on the high density of defects in the crystal lattice. Allothigenic impact diamonds occur in rocks produced by the homogenization and solidification of impact melt, which originated from the complete fusion of graphite-bearing precursor gneisses. These diamonds usually reflect the influence of the hot melt and are strongly corroded.Diamond-bearing tagamites and suevites in the Popigai crater interior occur as extended lens and sheets bodies and also as irregular small bodies. Diamond distribution depends on the original abundance of precursor graphite in the target rocks, on the superimposed shock-metamorphic zonation, and on the character of the ejection of shocked and melted material along different trajectories and azimuths. This has resulted in radial and concentric inhomogeneities in diamond distribution in the crater interior. On a second order, the distribution depends on the scale of melt contamination by clasts and fragments and by the duration of cooling of certain melt bodies and their constituents. Enrichment in diamonds at the margins of thick tagamite sheets is the result of rapid cooling, which prevents combustion of diamonds. A positive correlation between diamond content and the amount of phosphorus pentoxide in impactites indicates links to C and P probably in organic matter of the primary sedimentary rocks, which were subjected to granulitic metamorphism 2.4 Ga ago and melted at the time of impact 35.7 Ma ago.

Mineralogical and crystallographic features of polycrystalline yakutite diamond

“…1), they were analyzed from the lateral direction (perpendicular to the basal plane), assuming that the platy morphology is derived from the source single-crystalline graphite, just like the case of Popigai diamond (Masaitis, 1998;Ohfuji et al, 2015). Figure 2 shows 2D diffraction patterns of the 3 yakutite samples, in which Debye rings of diamond 111, 220, 311 are clearly seen.…”

Nanodiamonds and wildfire evidence in the Usselo horizon postdate the Allerød-Younger Dryas boundary

“…Lonsdaleite has, therefore, been previously taken as evidence for shock impact formation (9), although it can also be created in low quantities during carbon vapor deposition (CVD) (10,11). Furthermore, the presence of lonsdaleite in impact craters has been challenged and the use of nanodiamonds as a diagnostic criterion for an impact is still debated (8,9,12,13).…”

“…The polymorphs they reported include cubic (3C) diamond, lonsdaleite (2H diamond), and n-diamond (fcc carbon). Lonsdaleite is especially of interest because, in nature, it is reported only in meteorites (7) or in relation to impact craters (8,9), and is generally formed through shock deformation of graphite or diamond. Lonsdaleite has, therefore, been previously taken as evidence for shock impact formation (9), although it can also be created in low quantities during carbon vapor deposition (CVD) (10,11).…”

Impact cratering — fundamental process in geoscience and planetary science

“…While the elemental wealth already existed in the target region prior to the impact, it was only the impact catastrophe that facilitated formation of sufficient melt, from which the enrichment of the resource could progress. Impact-derived diamond and lonsdaleite occur in abundance in the Popigai structure in northern Siberia (Masaitis 1998;Grieve and Masaitis 1994), but also have been described in small amounts from other impact structures. It has even been mooted that the carbonado riches of Central Africa and those parts of South America that were part of this region prior to the break-up of Gondwana could have been formed in a catastrophic impact event in the Ubangui basin of the northern Congo and the Central African Republic.…”